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4 characteristics that link plants to charophyta
rosette cellulose forming complexes, peroxisome enzymes, sperm morphology, phragmoplast
what kind of genes support the relationship with charophyceans
nuclear and chloroplast genes
plant clade
embryophytes
charophyta shared traits with land plants
plasmodesmata, cytokinesis
bryophytes (non-vascular)
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
liverwort, hornwort, moss phylums
hepatophyta, anthocerophyta, bryophyta
gametophyte
gamete-producing haploid phase
sporophyte
spore producing diploid phase
archegonium
female sex organ, holds eggs, fertilization occurs here
antheridium
male sex organ, holds sperm
why are mosses and liverworts so short
they lack a vascular system to transport water and nutrients
seedless vascular plants
lycophytes, pterophytes
phylum lycophytes
club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
phylum pterophyta
ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
vascular seed plants gymnosperms
ginkgo, cycads, gnetophytes, conifers
gymnosperm
woody, seed-producing plant
angiosperm
plant that produce flowers and bear seeds in fruit
vascular seed plants angiosperms
flowering plants
what makes plants plants
apical meristems, alt of generations, walled spores made in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, multicellular dependent embryos
where does fertilization occur in seed plants
the ovule
gemmae (cup)
small cellular body that can separate to form new organism