plants and bryophytes

4 characteristics that link plants to charophyta

rosette cellulose forming complexes, peroxisome enzymes, sperm morphology, phragmoplast

what kind of genes support the relationship with charophyceans

nuclear and chloroplast genes

plant clade

embryophytes

charophyta shared traits with land plants

plasmodesmata, cytokinesis

bryophytes (non-vascular)

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

liverwort, hornwort, moss phylums

hepatophyta, anthocerophyta, bryophyta

gametophyte

gamete-producing haploid phase

sporophyte

spore producing diploid phase

archegonium

female sex organ, holds eggs, fertilization occurs here

antheridium

male sex organ, holds sperm

why are mosses and liverworts so short

they lack a vascular system to transport water and nutrients

seedless vascular plants

lycophytes, pterophytes

phylum lycophytes

club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts

phylum pterophyta

ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

vascular seed plants gymnosperms

ginkgo, cycads, gnetophytes, conifers

gymnosperm

woody, seed-producing plant

angiosperm

plant that produce flowers and bear seeds in fruit

vascular seed plants angiosperms

flowering plants

what makes plants plants

apical meristems, alt of generations, walled spores made in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, multicellular dependent embryos

where does fertilization occur in seed plants

the ovule

gemmae (cup)

small cellular body that can separate to form new organism