Studied by 10 people
What does the term context mean in psychology?
Environment
Memories that can best be recalled when in the same context the memory was formed
What is a context dependent memory?
Memories with a strong emotional connection
What is a state dependent memory?
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
What are the 3 basic memory processes processes?
Sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory
Name the three main memory stores?
Memories are what make up a person’s life experiences,
It was keeps us connected with past and present events
allows us to interconnect those moments with the future.
What is memory?
Associating a memory with something meaningful to help remember it better
Describe the process of encoding?
Putting away information in our brain in order to retrieve it when needed
Describe the process of storage?
Locating and recovering the information stored in the brain
Describe the process of memory retrieval?
Sensory memory is the first stage of receiving a memory, when it receives many different and detailed senses.
Do not last for long, causing it to essentially a snapshot of the memory.
It is up to the brain to decide which details to give attention to, in order for it to be encoded and stored away.
Sensory memory details that aren’t given any attention are lost.
Describe sensory memory including the type of memory, duration and capacity in out brain?
Known as the ‘working memory’, it refers to al the memories that the brain is currently conscious of holding.
Describe short term memory including the type of memory, duration and capacity in out brain?
Long term memories are memories that have been given attention to by the brain and stored away in our unconscious mind
Describe long term memory including the type of memory, duration and capacity in out brain?
Re-call, Recognition, Relearning
What the three ways memory is accessed in memory retreival?
remembering something without any cues to the piece of information in the brains memory
Describe re-call?
can remember something when pieces of information and your brain is able to recognize something.
Describe recognition?
visiting something you already knew, but need to brush up on in order to remember it clearly.
Describe relearning?
Things that are remembered at the start of something and will be moved to LTM
What is the primacy effect?
Things that are remember at the end of something and will be moved to STM
Describe what the recency effect is?
Where the LTM organized memories into groups of concepts known as nodes, which are all interconnected to each other
What does the term systematic networks mean in psychology?
Chunking, maintenance rehearsal and Elaboration rehearsal
Identify what the 3 methods for holding information in the STM are?
A method to help retain memory longer by grouping pieces of information together
What is chunking?
Repeating information to yourself over and over again
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Adding meaning to information to add connections to information and retain it better
What is elaboration rehearsal?
The concept of most likely remembering the list of thing said at the start and end, but not in the middle
Describe the concept of serial positioning?
Part of the limbic system and located in the temporal lobe and functions for memory
What is the hippocampus?
When we go into a room to do something, but as soon as we enter the room, we forget what we were meant to do
What is the portal effect?
Iconic memory, Haptic memory and echoic memory
Identify the 3 main ways the sensory memory obtains information?
The visual aspect of the memory, allowing the brain to retain an image
What is iconic memory?
The brief memory of touch
What is haptic memory?
The brief memory of auditory information
What is echoic memory?
The brain paying attention to particular details from the sensory memory in order for it to be stored and moved into either the STM or LTM
The term ‘attention’ in this topic describes what?
Procedural memory and declarative memory
What are the two types of long term memory?
Sematic and Episodic memory
What are the subsection of declarative memory?
Declarative memory is this that we say out loud. Within that, are subsections, sematic (numbers, figures, disconnected facts) and the episodic memories (stories, connected facts and information, describing a sequence).
What is declarative memory?
There is procedural memory (motor memory), which are dependent on the cerebral, basal ganglia and is the ‘how to’ memory’
What is procedural memory?
Sematic memories is essentially general knowledge of information, facts, numbers, disconnected facts, ideas that have nothing to do with you, personally
What is sematic memory?
Episodic memories are memories relating personally of you and your life experiences. They are stories, events, connected facts, emotions, and have context
What is episodic memory?
Procedural memory
What is the ‘knowing how’ memory called?
Declarative memory
What is the ‘knowing that’ memory called?
A flash ball memory are memories that have been connected to fierce emotional feelings of the past and the events and allow people to remember that memory vividly.
What are flash bulb memories?
The amygdala is used because it functions to regulate a persons emotions
What brain structure is used in flash bulb memories and why?
What is the number of capacity which information can be stored in the STM?
About 7 pieces of information (numbers) can be stored in the STM
What is schema?
Memory can work by association when the brain tries to fit information into the context it thinks it belongs into and connect it with something it already knows. This ‘scripted thinking’ is called schema.
What are the 3 psychological effects from schema?
Omission of unfamiliar details, familiarity of things strange, rationalism of illogical things
What of the name of the German psychologist that contributed to the field of forgetting? What did be contribute?
Hermann Ebbinghaus found that memory can be forgotten within the first hour of having it formed.
What was Fredrick Bartlett’s experiment and what were the result?
Students reading a native Indian story and asked to recall what happened a few weeks after it was first read. It was found that memories stored in the LTM are always adapted and updated when they are recalled again.
What are false memories?
Memories that are inaccurate to what actually happened, but we believe them to be accurate.
What is retroactive bias?
refers to applying current beliefs and values to past memories
What is suggestibility?
Suggestibility is putting misinformation into the brain through leading questions, deception or others
What is misattribution?
Misattribution refers a cognitive bias in which a person can remember an piece of information , but cannot remember where or when they learnt it.
This theory refers to when people become unconscious as a result of being knocked out, they often state that they cannot recall memories from prior to the event (retrograde amnesia) as far as 30 minutes prior. This means that memories need consolidation time when it is moved to LTM so that it is stored properly.
The consolidation theory
Motivated forgetting
Suppression is the act of deliberately trying to forget and distance yourself away from a memory of an event whilst repression is the act of unconsciously blocking memory as a result of the Freudian defence mechanism. These types of memories are not lost, but they are very hard to retrieve, and can unconsciously affect a person’s behaviour and personality in numerous negative ways.
Encoding failure
Never actually encoding information into our brain, so it was never moved to either STM or LTM. This could be as a result of lack of attention, fatigue, drugs/alcohol
when memory traces are chemically or physically stored into the brain, and is created when information is transferred from the STM to the LTM. When information is accessed often, the traces strengthen, but when it is not accessed over a long period of time, the trace can weaken.
natural decay
failure to retrieve info
when there is a poor fit between the retrieval processing and type of retrieval processing used when coding. For instance, using auditory retrieval cues is not effective when you encoding auditory into your brain.
retroactive interference
retroactive interference refers to when new information interferes with the retention of old information (Backwards effect).
proactive interference
Proactive interference refers to previously learnt information interfering with newly learnt information (forwards effect).
Organic amnesia
could be a result of a traumatic brain injury, chemical imbalances, stroke or alcoholism. It can be partial or complete memory loss and temporary or permanent.
Hysterical amnesia
when memory is forgotten as a result of intense emotions, such as stress or trauma
