Unit 9 Globalization- Reforms

United Nations (UN)

Global organization; maintains peace, promotes human rights.

General Assembly

UN’s main deliberative body; all member nations have a vote.

Security Council

UN body handling conflicts; permanent members can veto actions.

Secretariat

UN’s executive branch; manages daily operations.

Peacekeeping

UN missions deploying troops to prevent conflicts; mixed success.

World Health Organization (WHO)

Coordinates global health; led COVID-19, Ebola responses.

Doctors Without Borders

NGO providing medical aid in conflict zones, disasters.

Great Green Wall

African reforestation project; combats desertification, climate change.

Greenbelt Movement

Kenyan environmental initiative; empowered women, preserved forests.

Paris Climate Accords

Global agreement to reduce carbon emissions, combat climate changes.

Kyoto Protocol

Precursor to Paris Accords; set emissions targets, U.S. withdrew.

Mao Zedong

Led Chinese Communist Revolution; established the People's Republic of China.

Great Leap Forward

Mao’s failed industrialization plan; caused mass famine.

Cultural Revolution

Mao’s movement to purge dissent; disrupted education, economy.

Red Guard

Youth loyal to Mao; enforced Cultural Revolution, attacked elites.

Tiananmen Square

1989 pro-democracy protests in China; brutally suppressed by military.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UN document; establishes basic human freedoms.

Human Rights

Protections of individual freedoms; challenged by authoritarianism, globalization.

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

Provides aid to children; combats poverty, disease.

Global Feminism

Women’s rights movements worldwide; challenged patriarchy, labor inequalities.

Refugees

Displaced people fleeing war, persecution; worsened by globalization conflicts.

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Settles disputes between nations; enforces international law.

Segregation

Racial separation; enforced by Jim Crow laws in the U.S.

Double V Campaign

WWII Black civil rights effort; fought racism at home, abroad.

Rosa Parks

Sparked Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat.

W.E.B. DuBois

Civil rights activist; co-founded NAACP, fought for Black equality.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Led U.S. civil rights movement; championed nonviolent protest.

Marcus Garvey

Advocated Black nationalism, return to Africa movement.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case; upheld "separate but equal" segregation.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 ruling; ended school segregation in the U.S.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Civil rights protest (1955-56); led to bus desegregation.

Jim Crow

Racist laws enforcing segregation in the U.S. South.

Redlining

Discriminatory housing policy; excluded Black communities from homeownership.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Ended segregation, protected equal rights.

Citizen

Legal member of a state; holds rights, responsibilities.

Limited Citizenship

Restricted rights based on race, gender, class.

Stateless

Lacking legal nationality; often refugees, persecuted minorities.

Apartheid – South African racial segregation system enforcing white dominance through legal discrimination. It suppressed Black South Africans' rights, sparking international condemnation and resistance movements.

Pass Laws – Apartheid-era restrictions controlling Black South Africans' movement, requiring internal passports. These laws reinforced segregation and economic disparity, fueling anti-apartheid activism.

Nelson Mandela – Anti-apartheid leader, African National Congress member, and first Black South African president (1994). His leadership dismantled apartheid, promoting reconciliation and democracy.

African National Congress – Anti-apartheid political party advocating for Black South African rights and governance. It led resistance efforts, later governing post-apartheid South Africa.

F.W. de Klerk – South African president who ended apartheid, freed Mandela, and supported democratic transition. His reforms allowed peaceful political change but remained controversial.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) – Post-apartheid body addressing human rights violations through testimonies and amnesty. It aimed for national healing but faced criticism for limited justice.

Dalits – Lowest Hindu caste, historically marginalized and discriminated against in Indian society. Social reforms and affirmative action have improved rights, but discrimination persists.

Arab Spring – 2010s democratic uprisings against authoritarian rule in North Africa and the Middle East. It led to regime changes but also instability and conflict.

World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO) – Global group promoting ethical trade and sustainable business practices. It supports marginalized producers, reducing exploitation in global markets.

Me Too Movement – Social movement against sexual harassment, amplifying survivors’ voices worldwide. It challenged workplace cultures, led to accountability, and changed policies.

Black Lives Matter – Movement protesting police brutality and systemic racism against Black individuals. It raised global awareness and influenced policy reforms and activism.

Occupy Movement – Protest against economic inequality and corporate influence, starting with Occupy Wall Street. It sparked discussions on wealth disparity but had limited policy impact.

Battle of Seattle– 1999 anti-globalization protest against the World Trade Organization (WTO) summit. It exposed corporate power's effects on workers and the environment.

Indymedia– Independent media network supporting activist reporting on global social justice issues. It provided alternative narratives outside mainstream media control.

Movimento Negro Unificado– Brazilian Black movement fighting racial inequality and advocating for Afro-Brazilian rights. It pressured the government for policies against racial discrimination.

CONAIE– Ecuadorian Indigenous organization resisting neoliberalism and advocating for Indigenous land rights. It influenced national politics and led protests against harmful policies.

Rigoberta Menchú– Indigenous Guatemalan activist, Nobel laureate, exposing human rights abuses. Her work highlighted Indigenous struggles and influenced international human rights policies.

Brexit– United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, reshaping global trade and politics. It caused economic uncertainty but reinforced national sovereignty debates.

Zapatistas– Indigenous-led Mexican rebel group opposing neoliberalism and advocating for Indigenous rights. Their movement challenged government policies and inspired global activism.

World Food Program– UN agency fighting global hunger through emergency food assistance. It saves millions of lives in crisis regions and promotes long-term food security.

Human Rights Watch– Organization documenting and advocating against human rights abuses globally. It pressures governments to uphold human rights and exposes injustices.

Amnesty International– Global group defending political prisoners and human rights worldwide. Its campaigns influence policies, freeing many wrongfully imprisoned individuals.

The Red Cross– Humanitarian organization providing disaster relief, medical aid, and war assistance. It plays a crucial role in conflict zones and natural disasters.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)– UN agency aiding displaced people and advocating refugee rights. It provides shelter, legal protection, and resettlement support.

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)– Independent groups addressing social, political, and humanitarian issues globally. They deliver aid, advocate for rights, and influence policy.