European Rivalries, Native Conflicts, and Colonial Wars in North America

Which two European powers were the main rivals in North America?

France and Great Britain

Which dynasties ruled France and Britain during these conflicts?

France: Bourbons; Britain: Stuarts

When did Queen Anne's War take place?

1702-1713

Queen Anne's War was part of which larger European conflict?

The War of the Spanish Succession

What territory did France give to Great Britain after Queen Anne's War?

Acadia

What cultural legacy resulted from the loss of Acadia?

Roots of Cajun and Creole culture in Louisiana

Who were the Acadians?

French-speaking settlers living in Acadia

What happened to the Acadians between 1755 and 1764?

They were expelled by British forces (Great Expulsion)

When did the Seven Years' War take place?

1756-1763

What is the Seven Years' War called in North America?

The French and Indian War

Why is it called the French and Indian War?

Britain fought against France and its Native allies

What treaty ended the Seven Years' War?

The Treaty of Paris (1763)

What did France lose in North America after 1763?

All its territories in North America

How did the Seven Years' War affect British power in North America?

It greatly expanded British territorial control

What major problem did Britain face after the war?

Massive national debt

How did the war affect Native peoples?

It exposed them to increased settler expansion

What geographic barrier did settlers begin crossing after 1763?

The Appalachian Mountains

What region began opening to settlement in the 1760s-1770s?

The Northwest Territory

How did Native peoples respond to settler expansion?

Through resistance, sometimes violent, often diplomatic

Name two early violent Native conflicts with colonists.

Pequot War; King Philip's War

Who was Metacom?

Wampanoag leader known to the English as King Philip

Why did Native peoples often use diplomacy rather than warfare?

To preserve land, sovereignty, and balance power between empires

Which Native confederacy is known for strategic diplomacy?

The Iroquois Confederacy

How did the Iroquois use European rivalries?

They played Britain and France against each other

Which Native group initially allied with the British during the Seven Years' War?

The Cherokees

Why did the Cherokees turn against the British?

British settler expansion and broken promises

How did Native peoples view the Treaty of Paris (1763)?

As a betrayal by their French allies

What was Pontiac's War?

A Native uprising against British rule

When did Pontiac's War take place?

1763-1766

What was the main cause of Pontiac's War?

British expansion and mistreatment of Native peoples

How did colonists participate in imperial wars?

Through colonial militias supporting British regular troops

What did colonial militias expect in return for their service?

Access to western lands

What caused tensions between colonists and British troops?

Quartering of British soldiers in civilian homes

What happened to Britain's national debt after the Seven Years' War?

It doubled

How did Britain plan to solve its debt problem?

By increasing taxes on the colonies

What sentiment increased in Britain after the war?

British nationalism

What sentiment increased among colonists?

Resentment toward imperial authority

What political demand did colonists begin making?

More equal status within the empire

Did Native nations lose all power after 1763?

No, they continued to assert sovereignty over much of the mainland

Why was the British Empire unstable after 1763?

It became too large and expensive to manage

What groups became increasingly dissatisfied with British rule?

Native peoples and colonists

How did British attempts to tighten imperial control backfire?

They increased colonial resentment toward the metropole

Why is this period crucial to understanding the American Revolution?

It planted the political, economic, and territorial causes of rebellion