World History - Final Study Guide

Monotheistic

belief that there is only one god

Polytheistic

belief or worship of multiple gods

Where was christianity made?

Pax Romana

How did Jesus spread Christianity?

Jesus and his 12 apostles spread the mission, but mostly Paul

What made christianity appealing?

Jesus said he was the son of God, and people believed he was messiah

What was Jesus’s mission?

To bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to his followers

What did the gospels claim?

That Jesus was crucified and resurrected.

where do christians meet and what must they do to enter?

Churches and must get baptized

Clergy

group of men who conduct christian services

Important symbols to christianity

The bible and cross

What happens when you die in christianity?

You face final judgement for heaven or hell

Who made Buddhism?

Siddhartha Gautama

Where was Buddhism founded?

In india, later spread throughout

When was the religion founded?

536 B.C.

Who made Hinduism?

Braham

Where was Hinduism found?

In the Indus valley, Pakistan

When was Hinduism founded?

Between 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C.

Who leads Hinduism?

Someone who is considered pure

Who leads Buddhism?

Independent practice; not required to worship god or leader

Hinduism symbols and objects

Men wear short coats, angarkha, and women wear long scarves or a robe

Buddhism symbols and objects

Religious clothing called chivara (orange or brown color) and sacred text called tripitaka

Where is Hinduism and Buddhism practiced? (religious building etc.)

both practiced in temples, or at home shrines

Main beliefs of Buddhism and Hinduism

being a good person and how you act in life (karma)

What happens when you die in hinduism?

if you are good, you will be reincarnated into someone or something close to Brahman. If you’re born into higher caste and act good, you’ll escape cycle of life and death

What happens when you die in buddhism?

If you live the correct way, you’ll be reunited with the universe and escape life and death.

Who is god in hinduism?

Braham, but also multiple gods

Who is god in buddhism?

No specific god or leader, wish to achieve enlightening disregarding priest

Who was involved in Judaism?

Abraham

Where was Judaism founded?

Israel

When was Judaism founded?

developed 4,000 years ago

Main beliefs of Judaism

No other god, respect parents, must not murder

What happens when you die in Judaism?

you face judgement on whether you were good or bad and then punishment is determined

Who is god?

There is only one God (The stereotypical one)

Who leads Judaism practice?

Abraham considered father of the Israelites

Judaism symbols or objects?

Sacred text called Torah

Where is Judaism practiced? (religious buildings etc.)

Temples

Who made Islam?

Muhammad - Messenger for God

Where was Islam founded?

Mecca, Saudi Arabia

When was Islam founded?

610 C.E.

5 Pillars of Islam:

Declaring faith, praying 5 times a day, giving charity to poor, fasting during holy month, making pilgrimage to mecca

What happens when you die in Islam?

held in intermediary state until day of resurrection

Who is god?

Allah (helped less fortunate)

Enlightenment (Buddhist)

buddhists strive to reach nirvana to be released from cycle of life and death

Four Noble Truths

explains life as suffering and provides ways to overcome it

10 Commandments

Christian and Judaism laws that stress moral conduct and religious duty

What were the crusades?

holy war fought by the christians in order to take back the promised lands

Effects of the crusades:

Political, Economic, Social, Religious

Effect of the Crusades: Political

The power of the pope was lessened and increased the kings power

Effects of the Crusade: Economic

After 1st crusade, middle east and europe trade rates increased

Effects of the Crusade: Social

Increased tension between christians and muslims

Effects of the Crusade: Religious

There was a greater cultural diffusion

What were 2 reasons that people joined the crusades?

Economic advancements and social status for young men/forced by feudal lord

Purpose of 1st crusade

To Retake Jerusalem

What were Pope Urban II’s goals for crusades?

visit holy lands and unite western and eastern to lead unified church

What difficulties did the crusaders face in their quest to Jerusalem?

Oppressive heat, 2 year journey, giant wall

Outcome of 1st crusade:

Successful for small period of time before muslims took back Jerusalem.

Purpose of 2nd crusade:

To take back Jerusalem and Edessa

Who conquered Edessa from the Christians?

The Turks

Result of 2nd Crusade:

Unsuccess for taking back city

Purpose of 3rd Crusade:

To conquer Jerusalem from Saladin

Who was Saladin?

Sultan of Egypt

3 powerful European kings in 3rd Crusade:

Emperor Barbarossa of Germany, King Philip Augustus of France, King Richard the Lionheart of England

Result of 3rd Crusade:

unsuccessful, but visiting rights for pilgrims

Marco Polo

Born in Venice, brought family and christian scriptures on his 24 year travels to give to Genghis Khan grandson, traveled through china and asia, and brought back the golden tablet which gave him accomodations along the way. Also introduced paper currency.

Ibn Battuta

Born in Morocco, traveled throughout Africa, Asia, and Islam ruled leaders, traveled by horse and judge, and recorded writings of his experience and his Islam knowledge and government. 30-year journey and visited all Muslim ruled lands of his time.

Zheng He

Born in China, traveled throughout Indian Ocean, brought 317 ships, 28,000 soldiers, and built relationships between china and other countries. Brought back giraffes, camels, pirates for trial. Traveled 31,000 miles and visited 28+ countries. Later buried in history after being accused of draining government money

Which Crusade was most successful?

1st crusade

What spread the black death?

Fleas and Rats

Where did Black death start and spread to?

Originated in China and first spread to Sicily and spread to europe a year later

What was the columbian exchange?

an exchange of goods, animals, people, and diseases between America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

What goods were exchanged in the Columbian Exchange?

Small Pox, Potato, corn, sugar cane, grapes, apples, and bananas, etc.

What was traded on the silk road?

silk, spices, tea, ivory, cotton, wool, precious metals, and ideas

What led to the demise of the silk road?

The black death and sea transportation

Effects of the Black death on Europe

30 - 60% europe destroyed; 50 million deaths

Humanism

intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievement

Renaissance

Rebirth or revival of art and learning

Secular

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Reformation

making social and political changes to an institution or practice

Martin Luther

man who criticized indulgences granted by the catholic church

What is a Renaissance Man?

does sports, arts, music, and learning

What document was written in 1517?

Written by Martin Luther and was sent to Archbishop of Mainz to address concerns over sales of indulgences.

Why did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?

he was against the idea of people paying indulgences to forgive their sins and avoid punishment

Heresy/Heretics

people who contradict religious means, mostly Christianity

95 theses

questioned indulgences and the Catholic Church which got Martin Luther excommunicated from Catholic Church

Causes of European Renaissance

rediscovery of greek and roman texts, and humanism views

Effects of European Renaissance

artistic and technological innovations and rise in prosperity and education

Absolutism

monarch holding total power over a nation

Divine Right

concept claimed by absolute monarchs that their power comes from god and their will is god

Common characteristics/actions of absolute monarchs:

complete control over a government and its people

Enlightenment

european intellectual movement emphasizing individualism and rather than tradition

Salon

organized gatherings by prominent women where opinions on politics, science, and literature

Philosophe

public intellectuals dedicated to solving real world problems

Thomas Hobbes

wrote leviathan which suggested social contract between the ruler and the people

John Locke

Wrote the two treaties of government, and wrote on freedom of religion and natural rights

Montesquieu

wrote the spirit of laws which focused on separation of powers and checks and balances.

Voltaire

wrote the book candide and focused of freedom of speech

Beccaria

emphasized individual dignity within criminal justice system during enlightenment

What were new ideas introduced during the enlightenment?

Freedom of speech and religion, natural rights, and women’s rights

Who would and would NOT have supported the Enlightenment ideas?

philosophers supported and fueled the enlightenment while religious people and institutions resented it as it contradicted religion means

The French Estate System/Old Regime

Made up of 3 estates seperated into the clergy, nobility and everybody else