Anatomy Module 1 (lectures)

anatomical position

body standing erect, facing observer, arms at side, and palms facing forward

proximal and distal

used on a free extremity; toward or away from the center of the body

coronal/frontal plane

the plane divides the body in to front and back parts

sagittal plane

plane that divides the body into left and right parts sometimes caused median

transverse plane

plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts sometimes called hoizontal

where the body was cut

section views need to show a reference to show what

anterior

if the body is lying down, looking from feet the top will be what

posterior

if the body is lying down, looking from feet the bottom will be what

left

sagittal section is always from what direction

front

coronal section is always from what

2,1

planes are fixed in how many directions and free in how many

section

if the body is viewed when cut along one the planes it is what

tissue

combination of cells and intercellular substances that forms functional unity

cell life

what allows for the function of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

what are the types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

what is the order of tissue from superficial to deep/ external to internal

epithelial

the skin is what type of tissue

epithelial tissue

sheet covering external surface of body, lining tubes and passageways to exterior, and interior body cavities

protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation

what is the function of epithelial tissue

connective tissue

epithelial tissue is the protective lining for underlying what

basement membrane

epithelial tissue consists of one or more layers of cells with what underneath

basement membrane

stabilizes epithelial cells and connects them to the connective tissue

customized

for epithelial tissue, the structure is what depending on where in the body it is

simple squamous

the pancreas has what kind of epithelial tissue

simple cuboidal

what kind of epithelium is on the kidney

simple columnar

what kind of epithelium is on the stomach

columnar

what kind of epithelium is on the trachea

pseudostratified columnar

what kind of epithelium is on the epididymis

stratified squamas

what kind of epithelium is on the vaginal wall

shape

squamous and cuboidal show the what of the epithelium

layers

simple and stradified show the what of the epithelium

proper, endothelial, and mesothelial

what are the 3 types of epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue proper

range of types, epidermis or outer skin layer, and internal membranes that are continuous with the skin (mucous membranes)

endothelial tissue

always simple squamous; inner lining of walls of blood and lymph vessels

mesothelial tissue

simple squamous; smooth, slippery lining of primary body cavities (pleural cavities/thoracic cavity)

connective tissue

connects or binds structures together; support body; aid in body maintenance

areolar, fibrous, cartilage, bone, vascular

what are the 5 types of connective tissue

areolar tissue

loose connective tissue with irregular structure; extensively distributed throughout the body; binds parts together

areolar

what type of connective tissue provides support for epithelium and fills space between organs

adipose

what type of tissue is a subcategory of areolar tissue that is optimized to store fat

fibrous tissue

dense connective tissue; provides a means to transmit loads between arts of the body; characterized by intercellular substance

ligaments

cartilage to cartilage; bone to bone; bone to cartilage; elastic

tendon

tough, nonelastic cords always associated with muscle; provide attachment between most muscles and bones, cartilage or other muscles

fibrous connective tissue

what provides a structural anchor points for muscles

tendons, aponeruroses, ligaments, anf fascaie

what structures are made up of fibrous connective tissue

fasciae

supportive tissue carpentimental layer; if the skin was removed the body would stay in tact because of this

aponeurosis

sheet of tendon-like material; covering and anchor point for some muscles

fascia

catch-all for fibrous tissue; encases groups of muscle fibers to divide their functioning

cartilage

primarily a structural role; can bear/transmit load while remaining flexile; in adults, form larynx, trachea, bronchi, and ears

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

what are the 3 types of cartilage

hyaline cartilage

sturdy; covers articular surfaces of joints; forms framework for larynx and lower respiratory tract (trachea); may ossify with age

elastic cartilage

soft rubbery cartilage; found in the pinna; any structures that are involved in production and reception are this type of cartilage; rarely ossifies

fibrocartilage

contains collagen fibers; found in some joints between bones as a protective layer and are wear resistant

bone

rigid calcifies connective tissue; plays a structural role; and its rigidity is due to large amounts of inorganic salts

compact and spongy

what are the two groups of bone tissue that most bones have

compact bone

outer shell of bone

spongy bone

interior portion of bone; contains bone marrow (adipose tissue) and hematopoietic stem cells

vascular tissue

fluid tissue such as blood or lymph

vascular tissue

function is to carry food and oxygen to living cells and remove waste; distribute heat; protect against disease-producing micro-organisms

muscle tissue

preforms mechanical work by contracting; controls motion and position of parts of the body; shape of tissue depends on the kind of motion needed

muscle tissue

responsible for all voluntary and much of our involuntary behavior

smooth, striated, cardiac

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

smooth muscle

found where movement is relatively independent of voluntary control; not isolate, so they transfer to neighboring cells when activated; considered involuntary muscles