AP Psychology: Chapters 8 and 9

Flashcards covering Chapters 8-9 for AP Psychology

Define Cognition/Thinking

process where by we acquire and we us knowledge

List the 5 building blocks of thought

1. Symbols
2. Image
3. Concept
4. Prototype
5. Language

Define the Concept building block of thought

mental category for classifying objects, people, or experiences
-big picture!

Define the prototype building block of thought

mental model containing the most typical features of a concept
-specific!

Define Phonemes

basic sound units of a language that indicate changes in meaning
-the word parts and components

Define Morphemes

-smallest meaningful units of speech
-like 1 syllable words or suffixes/preffixes
-ex: dog, red, -ed

Define grammar

language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language

Define surface structure

particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence
-the words you choose to use

Define deep structure

underlying meaning of a sentence
-like what it means, example is sarcasm

What are the two types of thinking?

Uncritical and Critical

What are the three types of Uncritical Thinking?

1. All or Nothing Thinking
2. Confusing Coincidence with Cause
3. Delusions

Define All or Nothing Thinking

-tendency to think of something being all one way or the other
-associated with children: black and white thinking

Define Confusing Coincidence with Cause

-belief if 2 things happen together, then one must cause the other

Define Delusions

-false belief that continues despite evidence to the contrary
-associated with mental illness

What are the three kinds of Critical thinking?

1. Preparation/Data Collection
2. Sitting on the problem
3. Inspiration
4. Verification/Revision

What is another name for critical thinking?

creative

What happens in the inspiration stage of critical thinking?

-rather sudden solution to a problem presents itself
-only happens after steps 1 and 2 (Preparation/Data Collection and Sitting on the Problem)

Define brainstorming

-trying to come up with as many possible solutions to a problem as you can without stopping to evaluate the validity of each response

Define Divergent thinking

-type of thinking where there are multiple solutions to a problem
-ex: essay test, can answer it however you want

Define Convergent thinking

-one correct solution to a problem
-usually in things like math
-ex: multiple choice or fill in the blank tests

Define functional fixedness

-when you can think of no other use for an object other than its intended purpose

Define reasoning

-ability to think in an orderly and rational way

Define deductive reasoning

-moves from general principles to a specific case or consequence
-ex: all men are mortal. joe is a man. joe is mortal.
DGS- general to specific

Define inductive reasoning

-moves from a specific case or consequence to general principles
-ex: the chair in the living room is red. the chair in the kitchen is red. all the chairs in the house are red.
ISG- specific to general

What is L.L. Thurstone's theory of intelligence?

-believe intelligence is made of 7 distinct/different abilities

What were Thurstone's 7 primary mental abilities?

1. spatial ability
2. perceptual speed
3. numerical ability
4. verbal meaning
5. memory
6. word fluency
7. reasoning

What is R.B.'s Cattell's theory of intelligence?

-2 clusters of mental intelligence
-crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

What is crystallized intelligence?

-ability to use acquired skills/knowledge over the years
-like math, science, language (school subjects)
-includes wisdom
-increases throughout life!!

What is fluid intelligence?

-capacity to learn new ways of solving problems, "thinking on ones feet"
-spatial and visual imagery, memory, and reaction times
-increases until about mid twenties, then levels off, then slowly declines

What was Gardner's theory of intelligence?

-multiple intelligences
-7 total

What are Gardner's 7 intelligences?

1. Logical
2. Linguistic
3. Spatial
4. Musical
5. Bodily Kinesthetic
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal

What are the 5 parts of Daniel Goleman's theory of intelligence?

-emotional intelligence or people skills
1. Knowing one's own emotions
2. Managing one's emotions
3. Using emotions to motivate yourself
4. Recognizing the emotions of other people
5. Managing relationships

What is the average IQ?

100

What is the range for mild mental retardation? What is the mental age?

-50 to 69
-mental age of 8-12

What is the range for moderate mental retardation? What is the mental age? Describe further.

-35 to 49
-mental age 4-7
-manual dexterity and fine motor skills are hard
-good at repetitive actions and routines

What is the range for severe mental retardation? What is the mental age? Describe further.

-24 to 34
-mental age of 1-3
-minimally self-sufficient
-can communicate in 1-2 word sentences
-live in group homes

What is the range for profound mental retardation? What is the mental age? Describe.

-IQ below 20
-cannot accurately measure IQ
-non-communicative or reactive to environment
-almost vegitative like state

What is mainstreaming?

-putting children with disabilities into regular schools
-ex: Homestead having a special needs program

What is inclusion?

-process of actually putting impaired kids into classrooms with normal kids

Define intelligence test

-good indicator of intellectual ability but not great, measure a person's knowledge of context

Define aptitude test

-measures your potential and possible ability

Who is the man most associated with creating intelligence tests?

Alfred Binet, french psychologist in early 1900's
-developed first intelligence test in 1908

Define the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

-a test for determining a person's intelligence quotient, or IQ
-created in 1916

Define Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 3rd Edition

-made around 1939 by David Wechsler
-divided into two parts: one stresses verbal skills and the other performance skills
-commonly used IQ test

What makes a good IQ test?

reliability and validity

What is reliability?

ability of a test to produce stable and consistent scores

What is validity?

ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

Genius

140-150 IQ

Vast majority of mental retardation is

Mild

Percentage of mild mental retardation

75-90

Below 70 IQ

the crossover to classified at mental retardation

percentage of moderate mental retardation

less than 10 to 25 percent

% of severe or profound mental retardation

3-4 percent

IQ is found by

dividing mental age by chronological age times 100