test and quiz from sugars

name the 4 general classes of carbohydrate ad give a brief description for each

• monosaccharides/ simple sugars- single ring, soluble in water

• disaccharides- double ring, soluble in water

• oligosaccharides- 3-9 rings, insoluble in water

• polysaccharides/ complex sugars- multiple rings, insoluble in water

for each above class give 3 examples

M- glucose, fructose, galactose

D- maltose, lactose, sucrose

O- raffinose, stachyose, verbascose

P- starch, fiber/cellulose, glycogen

what are the 22 basic types of monosaccharides and how do they differ structurally and chemically

• aldose- aldose functional group

• ketose- ketone functional group

see pictures

What is the general molecular formula for monosaccharides

C_x(H₂O)_x

for a 5-carbon aldose, draw the general structure identifying the important parts and how the carbon is numbered

for a 5-carbon ketose, draw the general structure identifying the important parts and how the carbon is numbered

see pictures (5 and 6)

describe a fisher projection for a simple monosaccharide and how the different structural isomers are shown

• number 1 carbon is on top, the horizontal line groups are always pointed above the page

• look at picture

identify the anomeric carbo for the 2 types of monosaccharides and explain how they are identified

#1 carbon for aldose + #2 carbon for ketose

• anomeric carbon has 2 oxygen bonded to it

what is glycation and what health effect does it have

• excessive glucose in the blood due to diabetes

• leads to complications in diabetes

• non enzymatic reaction where monosaccharides form a covalent bond protein molecule such as a fibrinogen, collagen, and protein which denature them

What is the difference between an alpha and beta monosaccharide ring structure isomer?

describe what a glycosidic bond is, the different types, and how they are named

• glycosidic bond- condensation reaction (removal of water) between the anomeric carbon on one monosaccharides and any of the hydroxide groups on the second monosaccharides

• alpha (1-4) because of the carbons bonded together

• beta (1-4) because of the carbon bonded together

what type of glycosidic bond is shown for each molecule

which simple sugar is the sweetest

fructose- 173

what are the two type sof starch and how are they different

• amylose- few/ no branches, softer

• amylopectin- many branches, firmer

what is the difference between straight chain and branch glycosidic bonds in starch

• branch- softer matrix (alpha 1-6)

• straight- firmer matrix (alpha 1-4)

explain what ABO blood types are chemically and why they are important

• AB- receive from anyone, only give blood to AB

• O- universal doner, only receive from another O

• important so that your immune system does not attack you

what kind of sugar is teh following

number the carbons correctly

what is glycation

give the name of the glycosidic bond formed for the following sugar