Lectures 31-32 (Trematode Parasites of Veterinary Importance)

Made by Harley Chase and Kylee Wood

- Fasciola hepatica

- Paramphistomum sp.

What is associated with ingestion of metacercaria encysted on vegetation?

- Liver Fluke

- Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Humans

What is Fasciola hepatica?

Who is affected?

- Cattle, Sheep, Goats

- Rumen (Stomach)

Who is affected by Paramphistomum?

What area does it affect?

- Nanophytes salmincola

- Paragonimus kellicotti

What is associated with ingestion of metacercaria encysted in fish, crawdad, crabs, etc.?

Cats and Dogs

Who is affected by Nanophytes salmincola?

- Neorickettsia helminthoeca

- Salmon poisoning

What is Nanophytes salmincola a vector for?

What does it cause?

Lung fluke

What is Paragonimus kellicotti?

- Cats
- Dogs
- People

Who is affected by Pargonimus kellicotti?

- Dicrocoelium dendriticum

- Platynosum fastosum

What is associated with ingestion of metacercaria encysted in insects/invertebrates?

- Cattle
- Sheep
- Pigs
- Etc.

Who is affected by Dicrocoelium dendriticum?

Cats and Dogs

Who is affected by Platynosum fastosum?

North America

Where is Paragonimus kellicotti enzootic?

- Dogs
- Cats
- People

Who are definitive hosts for Paragonimus kellicotti?

By ingestion of uncooked or poorly cooked crayfish

How is Paragonimus kellicotti acquired?

Respiratory Disease
--- Dyspnea, hemoptysis (bloody sputum)
--- Pneumothorax

What is Paragonimus kellicotti the cause of?

By fecal examination

How is Paragonimus kellicotti diagnosed?

90um x 50 um

How big are Paragonimus kellicotti eggs?

Paragonimus kellicotti

What is seen in the following image?

Paragonimus kellicotti

What is seen in the following image?

Zoonotic Paragonimiasis

What is a foodborne infection acquired from ingestion of raw freshwater crustaceans?

Paragonimus kellicotti

What is Zoonotic Paragonimiasis caused by?

- Lungs

- In feces and sputum

Where do Paragonimus kellicotti adult worms live and reproduce?

Where are eggs passed?

Excretory/Secretory (cysteine proteases) products of adult worms

Zoonotic Paragonimiasis is a disease associated with the inflammatory response to what?

- Chronic cough
- Fever
- Hemoptysis
- Bronchitis
- Dyspnea
- Increasing fibrosis with chronic infections

What symptoms are associated with Zoonotic Paragonimiasis?

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

What might Zoonotic Paragonimiasis resemble?

Paragonimus kellicotti

What is seen in the following image?

Spirometra

What is seen in the following image?

Paragonimus

What is seen in the following image?

~ 60 x 30 um

How big are Spirometra eggs?

~ 90 x 50 um

How big are Paragonimus eggs?

Increased alveolar opacity

What will be seen on radiographs in association with Paragonimus kellicotti?

Nodules containing parasites

What is demonstrated by CT scan when dealing with Paragonimus kellicotti?

- Pleural effusion
- Empyema (collection of pus, dead cells, etc. in body cavity)
- Pneumothorax

What complications might be seen in advanced cases of Paragonimus kellicotti infection?

- Eggs in sputum
- BAL fluid
- Feces
- Lung biopsy

How is Paragonimus kellicotti diagnosed?

Salmon Poisoning Fluke

What is Nanophyetus salmicola known as?

Pacific Northwest

Where is Nanophyetus salmicola enzootic?

- Dogs
- Cats
- Fish eating mammals (bear, raccoon, mink, etc.)

What are the definitive hosts for Nanophyetus salmicola?

- Oxytrema silicula (snail)

- Salmonid fish

What are the intermediate hosts for Nanophyetus salmicola?

A snail

What is Oxytrema silicula commonly known as?

By ingestion of metacercaria in kidneys, muscles and fins of raw salmonid fish

How is Nanophyetus salmicola acquired?

Salmon poisoning by Neorickettsia helminthoeca

What is Nanophyetus salmicola a vector for?

- Hemorrhagic enteritis
- Lymphadenopathy

What else may be seen along with salmon poisoning by Neorickettsia helminthoeca?

Canine Parvovirus

What is salmon poisoning by Neorickettsia helminthoeca clinically indistinguishable from?

Clinical signs and association with trematode eggs on fecal examination

How is Nanophyetus salmicola diagnosed?

Praziquantel - 20 mg/kg - TID

What can be used to treat infection with Nanophyetus salmicola?

Yes - causes mild GI illness from worm but no Reckettsial disease in humans

Is Nanophyetus salmicola zoonotic?

- Sushi
- Sashimi
- Ceviche

What are sources of infection with Nanophyetus salmicola in humans?

87-97 um x 38-55 um

How big are Nanophyetus salmicola eggs?

Nanophyetus salmicola

What is seen in the following image?

Nanophyetus salmicola

What is seen in the following image?

Liver Poisoning Fluke

What is Platynosomum fastosum also known as?

- SE Asia
- Central & South America
- Caribbean
- West Africa
- Southern USA (Florida)

Where is Platynosomum fastosum primarily found?

- 81%

- 62%

What is the prevalence of Platynosomum fastosum in cats found at St. Kitts?

In the Honolulu cat population?

- Felines (domestic, feral and wild)
- Bile ducts

Who is the definitive host for Platynosomum fastosum?

- Sublima octona (pulmonate snail)

- Isopods (pill bugs)

- Lizards (Geckos)

Who is an intermediate host for Platynosomum fastosum?

Lizards (Geckos)

Who might be a paratenic host for Platynosomum fastosum?

Ingested when a cat eats a lizard

How are the metacercaria of Platynosomum fastosum ingested?

- Up bile ducts

- Bile ducts and gall bladder

Where do Platynosomum fastosum migrate?

Where are adult worms found?

- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Icterus in severe stages

What clinical signs are associated with Platynosomum fastosum?

By clinical signs and association with trematode eggs on fecal examination

How is Platynosomum fastosum diagnosed?

Reduced egg output

When treating Platynosomum fastosum with Praziquantel (20 mg/kg) - what was accomplished?

FBZ (Panacur) @ 20-50 mg/kg SID or BID for 3-14 days

What FDA off label indication was said to be effective against Platynosomum fastosum?

36-45 um x 20-30 um

How big are Platynosomum fastosum eggs?

Platynosomum fastosum

What is seen in the following image?

"Raccoon" Pancreatic Fluke

What is Eurytrema procyonis also known as?

- North America

- Connecticut, Maryland, Tennessee, New York, Missouri, Kentucky

Where is Eurytrema procyonis found?

Where have there been isolated reports?

- Felines (domestic, feral and wild)
- Red & Grey Fox
- Raccoons

Who is the definitive host(s) for Eurytrema procyonis?

- Mesodon thyroidus (terrestrial snail)

- Arthropod (Grasshopper)

- Possible Paratenic Host

Who are the intermediate hosts for Eurytrema procyonis?

- By DH

- Pancreatic ducts with periductal fibrosis

How are the metacercaria of Eurytrema procyonis ingested?

Where are adult worms found?

- Weight loss
- Vomiting
- Pancreatitis

What clinical signs are associated with Eurytrema procyonis?

- Praziquantel (20 mg/kg)
- Drontal Plus SID 5 days (medium size)
- FBZ (Panacur) @ 20-50 mg/kg SID or BID for 3-14 days
*** (FDA off label indication)

- Praziquantel

What can be used to treat Eurytrema procyonis?

Which treatment reduced egg output?

36-45 um x 20-30 um

How big are Eurytrema procyonis eggs?

Eurytrema procyonis

What is seen in the following image?

The basic trematode lifecycle

What lifecycle does the Alaria sp. follow?

- Cat
- Dog

Who is the definitive host for the Alaria sp.?

- Snail
- Tadpole
- Snake

Who are the intermediate hosts for the Alaria sp.?

- Snail

- Tadpole

- Snake

Who is the first intermediate host for the Alaria sp.?

The second?

Alternate second?

- Being passed host to host

- Lactogenic transmission

During the mesocercaria stage - what is the larval stage of the Alaria sp. capable of?

What other transmission can occur?

In the GI system

Where can adult stages of Alaria sp. with low pathogenicity be found?

Adverse effects

When looking at the Alaria sp. - What is aberrant migration of mesocercaria associated with?

- Trappers
- Outdoor life-style

What is associated with the zoonotic potential of the Alaria sp.?

Liver Fluke

What is Fasciola hepatica also known as?

**North America**
- Gulf Coast
- Pacific NW

Where is Fasciola hepatica enzootic?

- Cattle
- Sheep
- Goats

Who is the definitive host(s) for Fasciola hepatica?

By ingestion of metacercaria encysted on vegetation

How is Fasciola hepatica acquired?

Liver disease

What is Fasciola hepatica the cause of?

- Anemia
- Hypoproteinemia
- Bottle jaw (edematous swelling intermandibular space, abdomen)
- Progressive weakness
- Loss of condition

What clinical sings are associated with Fasciola hepatica?

120 um x 50 um

How big are Fasciola hepatica eggs?

Fasciola hepatica

What is seen in the following image?

Fasciola hepatica

What is seen in the following image?

Fasciola hepatica

What is seen in the following image?

Fasciola hepatica

What is seen in the following image?

- Fibrosis of liver tissue
- Hypertrophy of bile ducts

What is seen on pathology when dealing with Fasciola hepatica or liver flukes?

The liver is condemed

When infected with Fasciola hepatica - what happens at slaughter?

- Presence/absence of infected hosts
- Presence of suitable snail "intermediate hosts"
- Suitable soil substate promotes moisture retention (snail habitat)
- Slope, Drainage, Water runoff
- Natural & artificial ponds for watering herd

What is the distribiution of Fascioliasis based on?

- Clorsulon
- Albendazole

What can be used for therapy against Fasciola hepatica?

- Binds to serum proteins and is ingested by the fluke
- Inhibits enzymes important in glycolytic energy process
- Not able to extract energy from glucose, disruption of cellular energy production

When using Clorsulon as a therapy against Fasciola hepatica what happens?

Binds to β-tublin, interferes with development and energy uptake

When using Albendazole as a therapy against Fasciola hepatica what happens?

> "Drought" conditions

> Shrinking water line "pond margin" exposes green vegetation and cattle preferentially graze the infected vegetation

What are herd level outbreaks of fasciola hepatica often associated with?

Explain!

Deer Liver Fluke

What is Fascioloides magna also known as?