Studied by 9 people
Made by Harley Chase and Kylee Wood
- Fasciola hepatica
- Paramphistomum sp.
What is associated with ingestion of metacercaria encysted on vegetation?
- Liver Fluke
- Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Humans
What is Fasciola hepatica?
Who is affected?
- Cattle, Sheep, Goats
- Rumen (Stomach)
Who is affected by Paramphistomum?
What area does it affect?
- Nanophytes salmincola
- Paragonimus kellicotti
What is associated with ingestion of metacercaria encysted in fish, crawdad, crabs, etc.?
Cats and Dogs
Who is affected by Nanophytes salmincola?
- Neorickettsia helminthoeca
- Salmon poisoning
What is Nanophytes salmincola a vector for?
What does it cause?
Lung fluke
What is Paragonimus kellicotti?
- Cats
- Dogs
- People
Who is affected by Pargonimus kellicotti?
- Dicrocoelium dendriticum
- Platynosum fastosum
What is associated with ingestion of metacercaria encysted in insects/invertebrates?
- Cattle
- Sheep
- Pigs
- Etc.
Who is affected by Dicrocoelium dendriticum?
Cats and Dogs
Who is affected by Platynosum fastosum?
North America
Where is Paragonimus kellicotti enzootic?
- Dogs
- Cats
- People
Who are definitive hosts for Paragonimus kellicotti?
By ingestion of uncooked or poorly cooked crayfish
How is Paragonimus kellicotti acquired?
Respiratory Disease
--- Dyspnea, hemoptysis (bloody sputum)
--- Pneumothorax
What is Paragonimus kellicotti the cause of?
By fecal examination
How is Paragonimus kellicotti diagnosed?
90um x 50 um
How big are Paragonimus kellicotti eggs?
Paragonimus kellicotti
What is seen in the following image?
Paragonimus kellicotti
What is seen in the following image?
Zoonotic Paragonimiasis
What is a foodborne infection acquired from ingestion of raw freshwater crustaceans?
Paragonimus kellicotti
What is Zoonotic Paragonimiasis caused by?
- Lungs
- In feces and sputum
Where do Paragonimus kellicotti adult worms live and reproduce?
Where are eggs passed?
Excretory/Secretory (cysteine proteases) products of adult worms
Zoonotic Paragonimiasis is a disease associated with the inflammatory response to what?
- Chronic cough
- Fever
- Hemoptysis
- Bronchitis
- Dyspnea
- Increasing fibrosis with chronic infections
What symptoms are associated with Zoonotic Paragonimiasis?
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
What might Zoonotic Paragonimiasis resemble?
Paragonimus kellicotti
What is seen in the following image?
Spirometra
What is seen in the following image?
Paragonimus
What is seen in the following image?
~ 60 x 30 um
How big are Spirometra eggs?
~ 90 x 50 um
How big are Paragonimus eggs?
Increased alveolar opacity
What will be seen on radiographs in association with Paragonimus kellicotti?
Nodules containing parasites
What is demonstrated by CT scan when dealing with Paragonimus kellicotti?
- Pleural effusion
- Empyema (collection of pus, dead cells, etc. in body cavity)
- Pneumothorax
What complications might be seen in advanced cases of Paragonimus kellicotti infection?
- Eggs in sputum
- BAL fluid
- Feces
- Lung biopsy
How is Paragonimus kellicotti diagnosed?
Salmon Poisoning Fluke
What is Nanophyetus salmicola known as?
Pacific Northwest
Where is Nanophyetus salmicola enzootic?
- Dogs
- Cats
- Fish eating mammals (bear, raccoon, mink, etc.)
What are the definitive hosts for Nanophyetus salmicola?
- Oxytrema silicula (snail)
- Salmonid fish
What are the intermediate hosts for Nanophyetus salmicola?
A snail
What is Oxytrema silicula commonly known as?
By ingestion of metacercaria in kidneys, muscles and fins of raw salmonid fish
How is Nanophyetus salmicola acquired?
Salmon poisoning by Neorickettsia helminthoeca
What is Nanophyetus salmicola a vector for?
- Hemorrhagic enteritis
- Lymphadenopathy
What else may be seen along with salmon poisoning by Neorickettsia helminthoeca?
Canine Parvovirus
What is salmon poisoning by Neorickettsia helminthoeca clinically indistinguishable from?
Clinical signs and association with trematode eggs on fecal examination
How is Nanophyetus salmicola diagnosed?
Praziquantel - 20 mg/kg - TID
What can be used to treat infection with Nanophyetus salmicola?
Yes - causes mild GI illness from worm but no Reckettsial disease in humans
Is Nanophyetus salmicola zoonotic?
- Sushi
- Sashimi
- Ceviche
What are sources of infection with Nanophyetus salmicola in humans?
87-97 um x 38-55 um
How big are Nanophyetus salmicola eggs?
Nanophyetus salmicola
What is seen in the following image?
Nanophyetus salmicola
What is seen in the following image?
Liver Poisoning Fluke
What is Platynosomum fastosum also known as?
- SE Asia
- Central & South America
- Caribbean
- West Africa
- Southern USA (Florida)
Where is Platynosomum fastosum primarily found?
- 81%
- 62%
What is the prevalence of Platynosomum fastosum in cats found at St. Kitts?
In the Honolulu cat population?
- Felines (domestic, feral and wild)
- Bile ducts
Who is the definitive host for Platynosomum fastosum?
- Sublima octona (pulmonate snail)
- Isopods (pill bugs)
- Lizards (Geckos)
Who is an intermediate host for Platynosomum fastosum?
Lizards (Geckos)
Who might be a paratenic host for Platynosomum fastosum?
Ingested when a cat eats a lizard
How are the metacercaria of Platynosomum fastosum ingested?
- Up bile ducts
- Bile ducts and gall bladder
Where do Platynosomum fastosum migrate?
Where are adult worms found?
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Icterus in severe stages
What clinical signs are associated with Platynosomum fastosum?
By clinical signs and association with trematode eggs on fecal examination
How is Platynosomum fastosum diagnosed?
Reduced egg output
When treating Platynosomum fastosum with Praziquantel (20 mg/kg) - what was accomplished?
FBZ (Panacur) @ 20-50 mg/kg SID or BID for 3-14 days
What FDA off label indication was said to be effective against Platynosomum fastosum?
36-45 um x 20-30 um
How big are Platynosomum fastosum eggs?
Platynosomum fastosum
What is seen in the following image?
"Raccoon" Pancreatic Fluke
What is Eurytrema procyonis also known as?
- North America
- Connecticut, Maryland, Tennessee, New York, Missouri, Kentucky
Where is Eurytrema procyonis found?
Where have there been isolated reports?
- Felines (domestic, feral and wild)
- Red & Grey Fox
- Raccoons
Who is the definitive host(s) for Eurytrema procyonis?
- Mesodon thyroidus (terrestrial snail)
- Arthropod (Grasshopper)
- Possible Paratenic Host
Who are the intermediate hosts for Eurytrema procyonis?
- By DH
- Pancreatic ducts with periductal fibrosis
How are the metacercaria of Eurytrema procyonis ingested?
Where are adult worms found?
- Weight loss
- Vomiting
- Pancreatitis
What clinical signs are associated with Eurytrema procyonis?
- Praziquantel (20 mg/kg)
- Drontal Plus SID 5 days (medium size)
- FBZ (Panacur) @ 20-50 mg/kg SID or BID for 3-14 days
*** (FDA off label indication)
- Praziquantel
What can be used to treat Eurytrema procyonis?
Which treatment reduced egg output?
36-45 um x 20-30 um
How big are Eurytrema procyonis eggs?
Eurytrema procyonis
What is seen in the following image?
The basic trematode lifecycle
What lifecycle does the Alaria sp. follow?
- Cat
- Dog
Who is the definitive host for the Alaria sp.?
- Snail
- Tadpole
- Snake
Who are the intermediate hosts for the Alaria sp.?
- Snail
- Tadpole
- Snake
Who is the first intermediate host for the Alaria sp.?
The second?
Alternate second?
- Being passed host to host
- Lactogenic transmission
During the mesocercaria stage - what is the larval stage of the Alaria sp. capable of?
What other transmission can occur?
In the GI system
Where can adult stages of Alaria sp. with low pathogenicity be found?
Adverse effects
When looking at the Alaria sp. - What is aberrant migration of mesocercaria associated with?
- Trappers
- Outdoor life-style
What is associated with the zoonotic potential of the Alaria sp.?
Liver Fluke
What is Fasciola hepatica also known as?
**<b>North America</b>**
- Gulf Coast
- Pacific NW
Where is Fasciola hepatica enzootic?
- Cattle
- Sheep
- Goats
Who is the definitive host(s) for Fasciola hepatica?
By ingestion of metacercaria encysted on vegetation
How is Fasciola hepatica acquired?
Liver disease
What is Fasciola hepatica the cause of?
- Anemia
- Hypoproteinemia
- Bottle jaw (edematous swelling intermandibular space, abdomen)
- Progressive weakness
- Loss of condition
What clinical sings are associated with Fasciola hepatica?
120 um x 50 um
How big are Fasciola hepatica eggs?
Fasciola hepatica
What is seen in the following image?
Fasciola hepatica
What is seen in the following image?
Fasciola hepatica
What is seen in the following image?
Fasciola hepatica
What is seen in the following image?
- Fibrosis of liver tissue
- Hypertrophy of bile ducts
What is seen on pathology when dealing with Fasciola hepatica or liver flukes?
The liver is condemed
When infected with Fasciola hepatica - what happens at slaughter?
- Presence/absence of infected hosts
- Presence of suitable snail "intermediate hosts"
- Suitable soil substate promotes moisture retention (snail habitat)
- Slope, Drainage, Water runoff
- Natural & artificial ponds for watering herd
What is the distribiution of Fascioliasis based on?
- Clorsulon
- Albendazole
What can be used for therapy against Fasciola hepatica?
- Binds to serum proteins and is ingested by the fluke
- Inhibits enzymes important in glycolytic energy process
- Not able to extract energy from glucose, disruption of cellular energy production
When using Clorsulon as a therapy against Fasciola hepatica what happens?
Binds to β-tublin, interferes with development and energy uptake
When using Albendazole as a therapy against Fasciola hepatica what happens?
> "Drought" conditions
> Shrinking water line "pond margin" exposes green vegetation and cattle preferentially graze the infected vegetation
What are herd level outbreaks of fasciola hepatica often associated with?
Explain!
Deer Liver Fluke
What is Fascioloides magna also known as?
Note
Flashcard