Meiotic Division and Genetic Variation Flashcards

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Flashcards for Biology - Meiotic Division and Genetic Variation

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21 Terms

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Homologous Pairs

Pair of chromosomes which are the same size and shape and have the same genes at the same location. Human cells have 46 chromosomes – 23 homologous pairs.

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Diploid (2N)

A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes (i.e., each of the homologous pairs) in each of its cells; somatic cells.

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Haploid (N)

A cell with 1 set of chromosomes in each of its cells; (i.e., one chromosome from each homologous pair) all gametes – formed due to meiosis cell division.

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Allele

Different forms of the same gene (ex. eye color).

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Genetic Locus

The location of a particular gene on a chromosome.

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Bivalent

A pair of homologous chromosomes.

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Tetrads

The four chromatids in a bivalent.

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Meiotic Division

Cell division that occurs in germline cells, producing gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Diploid (2N) to Haploid (N).

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Meiosis I

The first stage of meiotic division involves the separation of homologous chromosomes.

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Meiosis II

The second stage of meiotic division involves the separation of sister chromatids.

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Synapsis

The pairing up of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

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Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during Prophase I, leading to genetic variation. Occurs at the chiasmata.

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Chiasmata

Area where there is a physical link between two non-sister chromatids during crossing over.

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Independent Assortment

The random alignment of chromosomes during Metaphase I that increases the number of possible combinations of genetic material, leading to genetic variation.

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Reduction Division

The process in meiosis I where the chromosome number is reduced from diploid (2N) to haploid (N).

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Fertilization

The fusion of sperm (N) and egg (N) to restore the diploid number (2N) in the zygote.

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Recombinant Chromosomes

Chromosomes that have undergone exchange of genetic material between chromosomes.

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Genetic Variation

Differences in genotypes and phenotypes essential for species survival from diseases and environmental changes.

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Mutation

A primary source of genetic variation in populations, involving changes in DNA sequencing.

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Somatic Cells

Tissue cells that have pairs of homologous chromosomes and are diploid.

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Germline Cell

Cells, in diploid state, that can divide by meiotic division.