SPA 212 EXAMEN 2: CULTURA

?Que es el “divorcio express?

1. law in mexico (2008)

2. divorce in 4 weeks

3. created because many marriages ended in divorce

datos sobre el divorcio en la cuidad de mexico

1. around 50% of marriages end in divorce

2. around 60,000 divorces in first 3 years

?Que son los matrimonios renovables?

1. marriages contracts renewed every 2 years

2. couples choose to stay or separate

3. easier, less painful, less expensive than divorce

? Quién fue José Guadalupe Posada?

1. mexican artist (born 1852, aguascalientes)

2. famous for drawings and engravings

3. interested in political cartoons

?Qué hizo Posada?

1. created 2,000+ drawings

2. made engravings about mexican life

3. reflected peoples fears, interests, and society

?Qué representan las “calaveras”?

1. skeleton figures in his art

2. represent life, not just death

3. show humor, vanity, and human behavior

4. include all people (rich, poor, politicians, etc.)

?Por qué es importante Posada?

1. showed mexican social life

2. used art for social criticism

3. influenced artists like Diego Rivera

4. important in mexican public/national art

¿Cuándo y por qué empezó la Revolución mexicana?

• Started in 1910

• Led by Francisco Madero

• Against dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz

• Fought for rights of workers & peasants

¿Quiénes fueron los líderes principales?

• Pancho Villa (north)

• Emiliano Zapata (south)

• Worked with campesinos & workers

¿Qué estableció la Constitución de 1917?

• Land taken from the Church

• Government can limit private property

• Public (secular) education

• Workers can form unions

¿Qué pasó después de la Revolución?

1. Ideas fully applied under Lázaro Cárdenas

2. Power controlled by PRI for many years

3. Some criticism: corruption & repression

4. Inspired movements like EZLN (Zapatistas)

¿Qué es el mate?

• Drink made from yerba mate (bitter)

• Shared with others (same straw = bombilla)

• Symbol of friendship & culture

¿Cómo es la vida nocturna en Buenos Aires?

• Very active nightlife

• Party starts after midnight

• Clubs open until ~5 AM

• Popular with young people

¿Cómo ven los jóvenes el Internet?

• Feel free online

• Think adults don’t control it

• Parents worry about dangers

¿Qué fueron las “guerras sucias”?

• Military dictatorships in South America (1970s–80s)

• Used violence, repression, terror

• Targeted political opponents

¿Quiénes eran los desaparecidos?

• People taken by the government

• Detained, tortured, killed

• Many bodies never found

¿Cómo llegó Pinochet al poder?

• 1973 coup (golpe de estado)

• Overthrew Salvador Allende

• Created a dictatorship

¿Qué fue el Plan Cóndor?

• Cooperation between South American dictatorships

• Goal: eliminate political opposition

• Supported by the U.S.

¿Quién es Camila Vallejo?

• Chilean politician

• Former student leader

• Now government spokesperson

¿Qué hizo como estudiante?

• Led protests (2011)

• Fought for education reform

• Became internationally known

¿Qué hace en el gobierno?

• Spokesperson for President Boric

• Communicates government ideas

• Connects with the public