Anatomy Lecture Exam 2

The two intrinsic defense systems have many components. Which of the following cell types is NOT a contributor to specific immunity?

natural killer cells

Macrophages are derived from ________.

monocytes

In order for some phagocytes to destroy certain pathogens, like tuberculosis, they have ingested, _____ must be deployed.

the respiratory burst

The basic mechanism employed by complement to fight bacterial infections is _______.

bacterial cell membrane lysis

The process of attaching complement proteins to the bacterial cell wall to enhance phagocytosis is called _________.

opsonization

The presence of _______ proteins make it possible for our immune system to differentiate

MHC proteins

When a person has their adenoids removed to cut down on snoring, they are having their ________ removed.

pharyngeal tonsils

Men tend to have a deeper voice than women because their vocal cords _______.

are longer and thicker

As the bronchial tree terminates in bronchioles, the principle material comprising their walls is smooth muscle. What functional purpose does this smooth muscle provide?

allows the walls of the bronchioles to constrict; it controls airflow into the lungs.

The respiratory membrane is composed of…

the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall and their fused basement membrane.

The pressure in the alveoli is known as __________.

intrapulmonary pressure

If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs.

the lungs would immediately collapse

Intrapulmonary pressure is the…

pressure inside the alveoli

Intrapulmonary Pressure−Intrapleural Pressure = ?

Transpulmonary Pressure

Transpulmonary pressure is greater than zero during _________.

pneumothorax

Air is forced out of the lungs during normal expiration due to _________.

elastic recoil of tissues

Boyle’s law explains that…

the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

During an asthma attack, bronchioles are severely _______. Taking epinephrine causes them to _______.

constricted... dilate

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs, this is called the ______ and is needed to _______.

residual volume... keep alveoli patent

Why is it possible to deliver more O2 to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output? (We may not cover this in class)

because between PO2 of zero and PO 2 of 40, hemoglobin saturation changes very rapidly and a greater degree of unloading will occur with even small changes in PO2

The chloride shift occurs in red blood cells to

counterbalance the exodus of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells

_______ become antigenic if they attach themselves to larger proteins.

haptens

Which of the following represents a logical sequence of structures that contribute to return of fluid to the blood via the lymph system?

arteries → blood capillaries → lymphatic vessels → subclavian vein

Which of the following contribute to flow of lymph through vessels?

milking action of skeletal muscle and pressure changes in the thorax

The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is proportional to its percentage. This is _______.

Dalton’s law of partial pressures