The Judicial Branch

Role of the Federal Courts

Interpret laws, protect constitutional rights, uphold federal law, and act as a check on other branches of government.

Origin of the Federal Court System

Established by the U.S. Constitution in 1789, outlining the structure and authority of the federal courts.

Article III

Part of the U.S. Constitution that outlines the federal court system's structure and authority.

Goal of the Court System

To provide a fair and impartial system, ensuring equal treatment and resolve federal law cases.

Federal Court Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction over federal laws, treaties, ambassadors, and disputes between states.

Original Jurisdiction

Authority to hear a case for the first time, commonly seen in district courts.

Appellate Jurisdiction

Authority to review lower court decisions to identify legal errors.

Concurrent Jurisdiction

Cases that fall under both federal and state authority, allowing multiple legal remedies.

Types of Federal Courts

District Courts, Circuit Courts of Appeals, and U.S. Supreme Court.

U.S. Supreme Court

The highest court with ultimate authority, consisting of nine justices.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to invalidate government actions or laws that violate the Constitution.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established the principle of judicial review, reinforcing checks and balances.

Limits on the Supreme Court

Can only decide cases brought to it, limited in the number of cases it hears.

Federal Judges

Nominated by the President, confirmed by the Senate, serve lifetime appointments unless impeached.

Majority Opinion

The court's explanation of its decision, serving as precedent for future cases.

Dissenting Opinion

A viewpoint from justices who disagree with the majority, presenting alternative interpretations.

Concurring Opinion

An opinion agreeing with the majority but emphasizing different reasoning or points.

How Court Rulings are Made

Decisions are made by majority vote, guided by precedent and constitutional interpretation.