Tissues (epithelial, connective & muscle)

The three basic types of fibers that found in connective are

collagen, reticular, and elastic

The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is

collagen

The framework of organs such as the spleen and liver is made up of _________ tissue

reticular tissue

The type of tissue that consists of living cells embedded in a non-living extracellular matrix is

Connective

Connective tissue

the most extensively distributed body tissue

consists of cells and the extracellular matrix those cells secrete

Examples of connective tissue

Cartilage

Adipose

Bone

Blood

areolar, and reticular tissue

tendons

The matrix of a connective tissue consists of _____.

Ground substance and fibers

extracellular matrix, which surrounds connective tissue cells, consists of a variety of different protein fibers and a ground substance. The type of fibers and components of the ground substance varies depending on the tissue type. Generally, the ground substance consists of

polysaccharides and proteins, which are secreted by the connective tissue cells. The ground substance can range from liquid (blood and lymph) to semi-solid (cartilage) to solid (bone).

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

Which of the following are NOT functions of connective tissue?

Performs absorption and secretion

Adipose tissue functions to

store triglycerides, protect internal organs, and insulate against heat loss

Tendons, which are formed by

dense regular connective tissue, attach muscles to bone.

elastic cartilage in the ear has what function

maintains shape while affording flexibility

Dense irregular connective tissue forms a

fibrous capsule found around organs and in the joints

blood functions to

transport gases, wastes, and nutrients as well as to provide immunity

fibroblast

immature cell found in loose and dense connective tissues that can still divide and secrete matrix

chondrocyte

mature cell found in cartilage. Wharton's jelly is an embryonic connective tissue found primarily in the umbilical cord

extracellular matrix

surrounds mature connective tissue cells

the extracellular matrix consists of a variety of different protein fibers and a ground substance. The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.

Areolar Tissue

(Loose Connective Tissue)

Adipose Tissue

(Loose Connective Tissue)

Reticular Tissue

(Loose Connective Tissue)

What are the Tree types of Loose Connective Tissues

Areolar

Adipose

Reticular

Regular

(Dense Connective Tissue)

Irregular

(Dense Connective Tissue)

Elastic

(Dense Connective Tissue)

What are the Three types of Dense Connective Tissue

Regular

Irregular

Elastic

What is the correct statement which best describes adipose tissue?

It stores lipids.

All of the following are cell types of connective tissue proper

adipocytes

fibroblasts

macrophages

Which type of connective tissue stabilizes the positions of the vertebrae, cushions shocks, and permits expansion and contraction of organs?

elastic tissue

What type of connective tissue is found between skeletal muscles and skeleton?

dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following types of connective tissue stores triglycerides, prevents heat loss, and provides cushioning and support for internal organs?

Adipose tissue

what type of connective tissue functions to store triglycerides, protect internal organs, and insulate against heat loss.

Adipose tissue

Which of the following types of tissue forms the fascia, ligaments, and tendons?

Dense regular connective tissue

What kind of connective tissue consists of many thick (dense) collagen fibers arranged in primarily parallel bundles, forms tendons and ligaments, surrounds skeletal muscles, and forms the fasciae

Dense regular connective tissue

What is the most abundant fiber present in dense irregular connective tissue?

Collagen

What type of connective tissue consists of fibroblasts scattered throughout collagen fibers that have a random or irregular arrangement. This tissue type is typically found in the dermis of the skin, as well as in the fibrous capsule that surrounds organs and joints.

Dense irregular connective tissue

Elastic tissue is a type of ____ connective tissue.

dense

Elastic tissue has elastic fibers rather than __________ in the __________, which allow for stretching of various organs

collagen fibers ; extracellular matrix

Both blood and lymph are examples of

connective tissues.

The protein fibers of both blood and lymph are dissolved in the

matrix

The functions of bone include

support, protection, serving as the site of muscle attachment (thereby enabling movement), and housing the cells that form blood.

The solid matrix found in bone consists of

calcium salts crystallized on collagen fibers.

Compact bone is composed of long cylindrical columns called

osteons

The most common type of cartilage found in the body occurs at the end of most long bones in the joints, in the larynx, in the rings of the trachea (windpipe), and in the septum of the nose. Name this type of cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage

What does the embryonic skeleton consists of that has a gelatinous matrix and provides flexible support, and latter ossifies to form bone

Hyaline cartilage

Which type of cartilage forms intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and the meniscus in the knee?

Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage is very strong rigid kind of tissue, is located where bone movement is limited and is used to provide support to joints that have great compressive forces working on it.

Fibrocartilage

Which statement best describes connective tissue?

usually contains a large amount of matrix

Connective tissue matrix is composed of __________.

ground substance and protein fibers

Which fiber type provides connective tissue strength?

collagen

Adipocytes

Osteoblasts

Chondrocytes

Collagen

Fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

Osteoclast

reticular fibers

initiates an inflammatory response

WBC

The highlighted fibers are produced by what cell type?

fibroblast

Which component of the connective tissue in this field of view is highlighted?

extracellular matrix

platelets

osteocytes in lacunae

Define tissues

A group of similar cells that performs a specialized function.

List the 4 major types of tissue.

1) epithelium

2) connective

3) muscle

4) nervous

Where is epithelial tissue generally found?

covering organs, lining body cavities, lining hollow organs, part of most glands

What are the 4 basic functions of epithelium?

1) protection

2) secretion

3) absorption

4) excretion

Types of epithelial membranes:

1) serous

2) mucous

3) cutaneous

Mucous epithelial membranes perform these functions:

1) line tubes and organs that open to the outside world

2) lining of the mouth, nose, throat, etc.

3) secrete mucus

Epithelial tissue is ______ (no blood vessels) and has to get all needed materials through _____.

avascular; diffusion

Epithelial tissue is classified according to

cell shape and the number of cells

What is a basement membrane?

a layer of nonliving tissue that anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue.

What is the purpose of the basement membrane?

to anchor epithelial layer to the tissues beneath it

What is simple epithelium?

epithelium only one cell layer thick

List the 4 types of simple epithelium and give an example of each:

1) simple squamous (ex: air sacs in lungs)

2) simple cuboidal (ex: kidney tubules)

3) simple columnar (ex: inner lining of the digestive tract)

4) pseudostratified columnar (ex: inner lining of the respiratory tubes)

Characteristics of simple squamous epithelium:

single layer of flat cells

substances pass easily through

line the air sacs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium:

single layer of cube-shaped cells

line kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, and cover the ovaries

Characteristics of simple columnar epithelium:

single layer of elongated cells

often have goblet cells

line the uterus, stomach, intestines

make mucus

sometimes possess cilia and microvilli

Clue: elongated nuclei

Characteristics of pseudostratified columnar epithelium:

single layer of elongated cells

appear striated

often have cilia and goblet cells

line respiratory passageways

What is stratified epithelium?

epithelium that is more than one layer thick

List the 3 types of stratified epithelium and give an example of each:

1) stratified squamous (ex: skin)

2) stratified cuboidal (ex: gland ducts)

3) stratified columnar (ex: line the male urethra)

Characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium:

many cell layers

top cells are flat

can accumulate keratin

outer layer of skin, line oral cavity, throat, vagina, and anal canal

Describe glandular epithelium and explain its function:

cells usually columnar or cuboidal

one or more cells = a gland

Function is to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids.

What do exocrine glands do? give an example

secrete product into ducts. The ducts open onto some surface (internal or external).

ex: sweat glands

What do endocrine glands do? give an example

secrete product directly into tissue fluid or blood (ductless).

ex: hormone glands

List the exocrine glands classified by the way they secrete their product. Describe the way each secretes its product. Give an example:

1) Merocrine glands - release watery, protein-rich fluids by exocytosis. (ex: sweat and salivary glands)

2) Apocrine glands - small pieces of the cell containing product are pinched off into duct. (ex: mammary and ceruminous [ear wax] glands)

3) Holocrine glands - entire cells filled with product released into duct. (ex: sebaceous [skin oil] glands)

What is connective tissue's function?

1) bind structures (i.e. ligaments)

2) support and protection (conn. tissue around joint)

3) framework (skeleton)

4) fill spaces (loose conn. tiss. between muscles)

5) store fat

6) produce blood cells (bone marrow)

7) protect against infections (wht bld cells/immu. sys.)

8) help repair damaged tissue (scar tissue formation)

All connective tissue cells are surrounded by a substance (_______) they helped produce.

matrix

What is a matrix?

a mixture of :

1) connective tissue fibers

2) a ground substance (fluid/semisolid/solid)

__________ tissue is the most abundant tissue type.

Connective

List the 3 major types of connective tissue cells:

1) fibroblasts

2) macrophages

3) mast cells

Describe Fibroblasts:

-fixed cell

-large star-shaped

-most common type of connective tissue cell

-secrete protein fibers into matrix

Describe Macrophages:

-wandering cell

-important in defense

-specialized for phagocytosis (white blood cell)

-scavenge thru conn. tiss. for foreign particles

Describe Mast Cells:

-Fixed cell usually near blood vessels

-Releases Heparin (an anti-coagulant)

-Releases Histamines to help with inflammation and allergies.

List the 3 major types of connective tissue fibers:

1) Collagen

2) Elastin

3) Reticular Fibers

Describe Collagen fibers

-thick protein threads

-slightly elastic

-great tensile strength

-lots in the ligaments and tendons

-aka White Connective Tissue

Describe Elastin fibers

-thin elastic fibers

-form complex networks

-found in vocal cords

-aka Yellow Connective Tissue

Describe Reticular fibers

-very thin collagenous fibers

-delicate

-form complex networks

-support very delicate tissue like the spleen or tonsils