M0 & M1

for loop

A counted or for each loop used to iterate over a sequence or range.

infinite loop

A loop that continues indefinitely without a terminating condition, represented as for(;;).

casting

The process of converting a value from one data type to another.

zero

The index of the first element of an array.

length (array property)

A property of an array that returns its size.

immutable

A type of object that cannot be modified; String objects are immutable.

toUpperCase

Returns a new string with all characters in upper case.

toLowerCase

Returns a new string with all characters in lower case.

isEmpty

Returns true if the length of a string is 0.

indexOf

Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified character.

lastIndexOf

Returns the index of the last occurrence of a specified character.

replace

Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of a character with another.

startsWith

Returns true if the string starts with a specified prefix.

endsWith

Returns true if the string ends with a specified suffix.

substring

Returns a new string that is a substring of this string.

trim

Returns a new string with leading and trailing whitespace removed.

equals

Returns true if this string is equal to the passed string as an argument.

equalsIgnoreCase

Returns true if this string is equal to the passed string as an argument, ignoring case.

compareTo

Compares two strings lexicographically.

charAt

Returns the char value at a specified index.

Key (in Hash Tables/Maps)

A unique identifier used to represent an element in a hash table or hash map.

Value (in Hash Maps)

The data associated with a key in a hash map.

Hashing

A technique used for performing insertions, deletions, and searches in constant average time.

Hash Function

A function that takes the key of an element as input and returns a fixed-size value known as a hash code.

Perfect Hash Function

A hash function that maps each element to a unique position in the collection.

Hash Table

A data structure that uses a hash function to compute the index of a data element based on its key.

Hash Map

A data structure used to store key-value pairs for efficient retrieval.

Collision (in Hashing)

Occurs when multiple keys hash to the same index generated by a hash function.

Linear Probing

A method for resolving hash collisions by searching for the next available slot.

Unit Testing

The process where the smallest functional unit of code is tested.

JUnit

A widely-used framework for writing and running unit tests in Java.

Assertion

A statement that verifies the expected outcome of a function.

Annotation

Metadata used to define the behavior of test methods and classes in JUnit.

Exception Testing

Testing to ensure that code correctly handles and throws exceptions when expected.

Test Class

A class that contains test methods.