Urinary system

what does an afferent arteriole lead to?

nephron

calyc- definition

small cup

what are the major calcyes?

cup like subdivisions of the renal pelvis

cort definition

covering

cyst meaning

bladder

detrus meaning

force away

what does the detrusor muscle have to do in order to expel urine?

contract

glom meaning

little ball

what is the glomerulus?

cluster of capillaries in renal corpuscle

juxta meaning

near to

where is the juxtamedullary nephron located?

near the renal medulla

mict meaning

to pass urine

neph meaning

pertaining to the kidney

what are the renal papillae?

small elevations that project into a minor calcyx

what is the proximal tubule?

coiled portion of the renal tubule leading from the glomerular capsule

what does ren mean?

kidney

what is the trigone?

triangular area on internal floor of urinary bladder

what does the active form of vitamin D do?

regulate absorption of calcium ions by raising blood calcium when levels fall too low

which vertebrae is the upper border of the kidney at usually?

12th thoracic

which vertebrae is the lower border of the kidney at usually?

3rd lumbar

which kidney is lower (left or right) and why?

right, liver

how many cm lower is the right kidney than the left? (range)

1.5-2

how are kidneys positioned?

retroperitoneally

which surface of each kidney is convex?

lateral

which side of each kidney is concave?

medial

what does the medial depression lead into?

renal sinus

what is the renal sinus?

hollow chamber

where do ureters, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter the renal sinus?

renal hilum

what does the renal medulla contain?

striated renal pyramids

how are the renal pyramids positioned?

broad base facing cortex, pointed end projecting inwards

why do the renal pyramids appear striated?

microscopic tubules

what is one feature of the appearance of renal cortex?

looks granular

where does the renal cortex dip into the medulla?

between renal pyramids

what does the renal cortex dipping into the medulla between the renal pyramids form?

renal columns

what is the function of the fibrous capsule of the renal cortex? (2)

maintain shape of kidney, protection

what causes the granular appearance of the renal cortex?

renal corpuscles and renal tubules associated with nephrons

what are the 2 types of nephrons?

cortical, juxtaglomerular

what is the small projection at the apex of each renal pyramid called?

renal papilla

flow of urine after being formed in the nephrons: (5)

collecting ducts, openings of renal papillae, minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters

how many minor calyces are there in each kidney?

7-20

how many major calyces are there in each kidney?

2-3

when a person is at rest, what percent of cardiac output is brought to kidneys?

15-30%

how many nephrons does a kidney contain?

1 million

what are the 2 components of a nephron?

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

what 2 things make up a renal corpuscle?

bowman’s/glomerular capsule, glomerulus

what does the glomerular capsule recieve?

fluid filtered by the glomerulus

what is the glomerular capsule an extension of?

proximal end of renal tubule

what type of cells make up the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

podocytes

what type of cells make up the pareital layer of the glomerular capsule?

squamous

what are the processes that come off of podocytes called?

pedicels

what is the shape of the loop of henle?

hairpin

list the sequence of structures involved in urine formation: (10)

glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal tubule, nephron loop (descending), nephron loop (ascending), distal tubule, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

what is the most abundant type of nephron?

cortical

what are the vasa recta?

network of capillaries extending from efferent arterioles

what is a feature of cortical nephrons?

have short nephron loop

what does the nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons project into?

renal medulla

what type of nephron are the vasa recta normally associated with?

juxtamedullary

what type of nephron are the peritubular capillaries normally associated with?

cortical

are renal nerves mostly parasympethetic or sympathetic

sympathetic

what does the macula densa monitor?

nacl concentration of filtrate before it enters the distal tubule

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulate?

secretion of renin enzyme