Gastrointestinal System Disorders

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions related to gastrointestinal system disorders, including anatomy, function, diseases, and management.

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A pathway approximately 7 to 7.9 m (23 to 26 feet) in length, extending from the mouth to the anus, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Pyloric sphincter

Muscle that controls the opening from the stomach to the small intestine.

Intrinsic factor

A protein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12; its absence can lead to pernicious anemia.

Pepsin

An enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins, derived from pepsinogen.

Celiac disease

An autoimmune disorder caused by an abnormal response to gluten leading to inflammation of the small intestine.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum, often due to infection, which can cause severe abdominal pain and other symptoms.

Acute Gastritis

A short-term inflammation of the gastric mucosa, typically resulting from irritants such as alcohol or NSAIDs.

Chronic Gastritis

A long-term inflammation of the gastric mucosa, often associated with H. pylori infection or autoimmune conditions.

Malabsorption

The inability of the digestive system to absorb major vitamins, minerals, and nutrients.

Dumping syndrome

A condition following gastric surgery where food moves too quickly from the stomach to the small intestine, causing gastrointestinal symptoms.

Hematemesis

Vomiting of blood, a potential sign of bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Gastric outlet obstruction

A blockage that prevents food from leaving the stomach, leading to symptoms such as nausea and abdominal pain.

Endoscopy

A diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the GI tract and possibly obtain biopsies.

Antacids

Medications used to neutralize stomach acidity, commonly used in managing gastric discomfort.

H. pylori

A type of bacteria associated with peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis.

Bile

A digestive fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies fats for absorption in the small intestine.

Segmentation contractions

Muscle contractions in the small intestine that mix food and enhance absorption.

Peristalsis

Involuntary muscle contractions that propel contents through the digestive tract.