Exam 3 Wainwright Microbiology

(d) antibodies

Which agent of the immune system is acquired following first exposure?
(a) eosinophils
(b) macrophages
(c) mucous membranes
(d) antibodies
(e) skin(e) a and d are correct

(e) a and d are correct

Leukocytes
(a) are white blood cells
(b) include complement
(c) are all phagocytes
(d) are found in the blood and in the lymph nodes
(e) a and d are correct

(e) only d is wrong

Antimicrobial proteins that are part of the innate immune system include
(a) lysozyme
(b) interferon
(c) complement
(d) gamma globulin
(e) only d is wrong

(a) basophils

Which leukocyte is known for releasing histamine in response to allergen contact?
(a) basophils
(b) neutrophils
(c) macrophages
(d) T lymphocytes
(e) plasma cells

(e) all of the above are correct

Fever
(a) is a component of the innate immune response
(b) involves a re-setting of the blood temperature to a higher level (c) may inhibit the reproduction of the infecting organism
(d) may increase the rate of enzyme facilitated reactions needed for recovery from the infection
(e) all of the above are correct

(e) all are true

Histamine release from basophils results in
(a) vasodilation
(b) swelling of tissue
(c)localized redness
(d) pain
(e) all are true

(a) are signs of inflammation

Rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor
(a) are signs of inflammation
(b) are interleukins
(c) are antimicrobial proteins
(d) are synthesized in the liver
(e) b, c, and dare true

(b) bone marrow and thymus gland

Two locations in the body for lymphocytes to complete development are
(a) brain and spinal cord
(b) bone marrow and thymus gland
(c) kidneys and liver
(d) heart and lungs
(e) skin and hair

(c) plasma cells

Antibodies are synthesized by which cell?
(a) monocytes
(b) T lymphocytes
(c) plasma cells
(d) red blood cells
(e) a and b are true

(d) activation of complement

Outcomes of antigen-antibody complex formation include
(a) anaphylaxis
(b) aplastic anemia
(c) resistance to bacitracin
(d) activation of complement
(e) all are correct

(e) only b is wrong

Antibodies are
(a) proteins
(b) shaped like hot dog buns
(c) shaped like the letter Y
(d)molecule specific in what they attach to
(e) only b is wrong

(e) all of the above

Outcomes of complement activation include
(a) inflammation
(b) immune clearance
(c)opsonization of antigen and phagocytosis
(d) cytolysis of antigen
(e) all of the above

(b) this is artificially acquired, active immunity

A person is immune to whooping cough after being vaccinated.
(a) this is naturally acquired, active immunity
(b) this is artificially acquired, active immunity

(c) this is naturally acquired, passive immunity
(d) this is artificially acquired, passive immunity
(e) this is passively acquired, artificial immunity

(d) measles

An effective vaccine is currently available for which disease?
(a) gonorrhea
(b) Ebola
(c) HIV (AIDS)
(d) measles
(e) African Sleeping Sickness

(c) a pathogen

Any agent that can cause disease is known as
(a) a fomite
(b) a vector
(c) a pathogen
(d) a reservoir
(e) a toxin

(b) a chronic infection

An infection which has a gradual onset and remains for a long period of time is called
(a) an acute infection
(b) a chronic infection
(c) systemic infection
(d) a focal infection
(e) an opportunistic infection

(e) f is the best answer (aka all of them are true)

Portals of microbial entry into the human body include
(a) the urinary tract
(b) the mouth
(c) the eyes
(d) the nose
(e) f is the best answer
(f) a, b, c, d, and e are true

(a) malaria

Which disease is transmitted to people by an insect vector?
(a) malaria
(b) toxoplasmosis
(c) hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
(d) gonorrhea
(e) influenza

(a) the black fly

The insect vector of Onchocercus volvulus, which causes river blindness is
(a) the black fly
(b) anopheles mosquito
(c) the body louse
(d) the rat flea
(e) the red bug

(c) this means the person working with it must be clothed in a positive pressure (space) suit

A microbe is listed at Biological Safety Level 4.
(a) this means it is non pathogenic
(b) this means it is transmissible Only by contact with blood
(c) this means the person working with it must be clothed in a positive pressure (space) suit

(d) Mycobacterium leprae is an example of such a microbe
(e) this means the lab can be in any academic or health care building

(c) interest in music

The initial interview of a sick patient would not necessarily include a discussion of the patient's
(a) chief complaint
(b) social history
(c) interest in music
(d) family history
(e) occupation

(a) rhinovirus (common cold)

Highly pathogenic but minimally virulent would describe
(a) rhinovirus (common cold)
(b) ebola virus (hemorrhagic fever)
(c) Staphylococcus epidermidis
(d) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(e) Bacillus subtilis

(c) 50% people will get sick if exposed to 10 of these microbes

A microbe's ID 50 is catalogued as 10 microbes. This would suggest
(a) a person will die if exposed to 10 of these microbes
(b) a person could be exposed to 100 of these microbes but still show no signs of illness

(c) 50% people will get sick if exposed to 10 of these microbes
(d)the exposed person's immune system crashes if exposed to 10 of these microbes
(e) all of the above are true

(c) the microbe must attach to the surface of the cell

What must happen before a microbe can invade a living cell?
(a) the microbe must replicate itself
(b) the microbe must extract nutrients from the cell
(c) the microbe must attach to the surface of the cell
(d) the microbe must synthesize enzymes needed to escape the cell
(e) the person must fall asleep

(e) a and b are correct

A reservoir of microbes
(a) is where the microbe can normally be found
(b) would include dirt
(c) is the location in the human body that allows the microbe to enter
(d) is the mechanism by which the microbe protects itself from the immune system of people
(e) a and b are correct

(b) a person can contract the infection by touching a non-living surface

An infection is said to be transmissible by fomite. This means
(a) a person can contract the infection by kissing another person
(b) a person can contract the infection by touching a non-living surface

(c) the infection is spread by animal bite
(d) the infection can be picked up from the air
(e) only d is wrong

(d) period of illness

Which phase of an infection is characterized by high fever, excessive coughing, congestion, and body aches?
(a) period of incubation
(b) prodromal period
(c) period of convalescence
(d) period of illness
(e) period of decline

(c) the microbe is proliferating in the blood

A person is diagnosed with septicemia. This means
(a) the infection has become latent
(b) the infection is not serious
(c) the microbe is proliferating in the blood

(d) the microbe is being controlled by the immune system
(e) there is no chance of dissemination

(b) the person has the infection, but is not experiencing exacerbations of illness at all times

Herpes virus infections are known to remain latent in the human body. This means
(a) the person is not contagious
(b) the person has the infection, but is not experiencing exacerbations of illness at all times

(c) the virus is causing cancer
(d) the virus has become a viroid
(e) the infection can be diagnosed by lesions on the skin

(e) b and c are correct

Infections such as syphilis and gonorrhea are transmitted through which portal of entry?
(a) eyes
(b) urinary tract of males
(c) reproductive tract of females
(d) mouth
(e) b and c are correct

(b) these are signs of illness

A physician detects red spots on the skin, an abnormal heart rhythm, and blood in the urine of a patient.
(a) these are symptoms of illness
(b) these are signs of illness
(c) these are signs of convalescence

(d) these observations are of no diagnostic importance
(e) c and d are

(a) T helper lymphocytes

Which agent of the immune system is destroyed by HIV
(a) T helper Lymphocytes
(b)plasma cells
(c) macrophages
(d) thymus gland
(e) neutrophils

(b) a mold

The source of natural penicillin is
(a) soil dwelling bacteria
(b) a mold
(c) tree bark
(d) horse urine
(e) the foxglove plant

(b) inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis

The anti-bacterial action of penicillin is
(a) inhibit DNA replication
(b) inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis
(c) inhibit folate synthesis
(d) inhibit ergosterol synthesis
(a) both a and c are correct

(d) a, b, and c are true

Antibiotics known as cephalosporins
(a) have a beta lactam ring
(b) are primarily effective against Gram positive bacteria
(c) may be allergenic to people who are also allergic to penicillin
(d) a, b, and c are true
(e) include Gentamicin

(e) a, b, and c are correct

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits bacterial protein synthesis?
(a) Streptomycin
(b) Erythromycin
(c) Tetracycline
(d) Ciprofloxacin
(e) a, b, and c are correct

(e) inhibits folate synthesis

The antibacterial action of sulfamethoxazole is
(a) destruction of cell membrane
(b) inhibits 70s protein synthesis
(c) inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
(d) inhibits photosynthesis.
(e) inhibits folate synthesis

(a) beta lactamase

Resistance to certain antibiotics is achieved by bacteria which synthesize
(a) beta lactamase
(b) oxidase
(c) catalase
(d) urease
(e) c and d are correct

(b) Amphotericin B

Which medication would be useful in treating a systemic fungal infection?
(a) Acyclovir
(b) Amphotericin B
(a) Methicillin
(d) Mefloquine
(e) Praziquantel

(e) all of the above are correct

Extended spectrum penicillin compounds
(a) include Piperacillin
(b) may destroy normal flora bacteria
(c) may be allergenic to some people
(d) have a beta lactam ring (e) all of the above are correct

(a) metronidazole

A person is diagnosed with amoebic dysentery. A reasonable treatment regimen might include
(a) Metronidazole
(b) Amantadine
(c) Valacyclovir
(d) Ethambutol
(e) Amoxicillin

(b) malaria

A person from central Africa is being treated with Hydroxychloroquine. A likely infection present would be
(a) syphilis
(b) malaria
(c) tuberculosis
(d) ringworm
(e) tapeworm

(e) only a is wrong

Which drugs are used to treat tuberculosis?
(a) Nystatin
(b) Isoniazid
(c) Ethambutol
(d) Pyrazinamide
(e) only a is wrong

(b) mebendazole

A person is infested with intestinal hook worms. A reasonable medication regimen would include
(a) Ganciclovir
(b) Mebendazole
(c) Ceftriaxone
(d) Sulfamethoxazole
(e) Itraconazole

(b) Tetracycline or Chloramphenicol might be required

To effectively treat Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
(a) Cephalexin works best (b)Tetracycline or Chloramphenicol might be required
(c) any anti-viral drug would work
(d) Clotrimazole will destroy the yeast
(e) tick therapy is normally employed

(a) amantadine

Anti-influenza drugs include
(a) Amantadine
(b) Ticarcillin
(c) Cephalexin
(d) Griseofulvin
(e) Neomycin

i dont know. in lab we did both (a) catalase test and (c) SF test........

Testing for the purpose of identifying Gram positive cocci included
(a) catalase test
(b) indole test
(c) SF test
(d) lactose fermentation test
(e) all of the above are correct

(b) escherichia coli

This Gram negative rod glows fluorescent green when grown in an EMB plate
(a) Serratia marcescens
(b) Escherichia coli
(c) Proteus vulgaris
(d) Klebsiella pneumonia
(e) Salmonella enteritidis

(e) only c is wrong

Two yeasts were studied in our lab.
(a) both are fungi
(b) both are eukaryotes
(c) both are pathogens
(d) both are unicellular
(e) only c is wrong.

(e) a and d are wrong

Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used in our lab to ferment sucrose in grape juice. Products of this fermentation were
(a) carbon monoxide
(b) ethanol
(c) carbon dioxide
(d)carbon tetrachloride
(e) a and d are wrong

nerve cells

Herpes infections never go away, they just become latent. This is because they hide in __________ which, since they aren’t replaceable, will not be attacked by the immune system.

immunology

the study of diseases and the immune system

innate agents of resistance

disease resistance tools that we are born with

skin, mucous membranes, hydrochloric acid, lacrimation, white blood cells, interferon, complement

What are the seven innate agents of resistance?

skin

one of the innate agents of resistance that uses its keratin to act as a suit of armor to protect the inner body from the outside world; breaks such as wounds or burns can leave the person vulnerable

keratin

a non-living protein covering of the skin that helps protect the body from bacteria since bacteria needs something living to reproduce

mucous membrane

one of the innate agents of resistance that is thick, sticky, wet, mobile membranes that are found at every opening in the skin to the outside world, the most obvious being the nose; the bacteria get stuck here and the cilia sweep the microbes down the throat; becomes ineffective if dry, such as during the winter months

cilia

hair cells found in mucous membranes that that can move the mucous as needed; sweep the microbes trapped in the mucous membrane down the throat

hydrochloric acid

one of the innate agents of resistance that that is commonly known as stomach acid; an acidic enough pH that functions to kill most bacteria that enter in, coming from the mucous membrane; if there are more pathogenic bacteria than it can kill, infection can set in

lacrimation

one of the innate agents of resistance

the constant production of moisture from the lacrimal glands that contains lysozyme; this keeps your eyes lubricated when you blink, pushing foreign material into the naso-lacrimal duct

lysozyme

antimicrobial protein found in the lacrimal glands that helps keep your eyes lubricated and clear of any foreign material

naso-lacrimal duct

place where tears are formed and foreign material from the eye is drained away into the nose

white blood cells

one of the innate agents of resistance

the main functioners of the immune system; found within the blood; recognize and get rid of foregin substances

eosinophilis, basophilis, neutrophilis, monocytes, lymphocytes

What are the five classes of white blood cells

interferon

one of the innate agents of resistance

a production of cells that is antimicrobial and anti-cancer

complement

one of the innate agents of resistance

an antimicrobial protein produced by the liver that circulates in the blood plasma

acquired agents of resistance

disease resistance that develops after the first exposure; help alert our bodies to the need to resist or increase the strength of the resistance

memory lymphocytes, plasma cells, antibodies, activated complements

What are the four acquired agents of resistance?

memory lymphocytes

T lymphocytes that, following encountering something foreign, clones itself with its memories of the foreign substance so that if the body encounters the foreign thing again, the clones will remember to attack it

one of the acquired agents of resistance

clonal selection

a process naive lymphocytes go through triggered when they encounter something foreign where they clone themselves and their memories of the foreign substance, becoming memory lymphocytes

vaccines

What are the most famous synthetic treatments to create memory lymphocytes?

plasma cells

B lymphocytes found in the blood that can create antibodies after being told to change into ________ by the memory lymphocytes

one of the acquired agents of resistance

interleukin

messaging between white blood cells

antigen antibody complex

molecular structures that are specifically created to deal with specific antigens that are formed from the antibodies created by the plasma cells; have receptor cites intended for specific antigens so that when the antigen encounters _______, it attaches and is killed

one of the acquired agents of resistance

antigens

foreign substances

inflammation

the flowing of more blood to an area in response to damage to send more white blood cells to the area; causes the are to swell, pushing on the nerve endings, causing pain

opsonization of AAC

oxidization of the cells which starts phagocytosis

complement activation

a process where a network of proteins in the blood, known as the complement system, is triggered to fight infection, promote inflammation, and destroy pathogens

one of the acquired agents of resistance

classical pathway

complement activation pathway that is activated by antigen-antibody complexes

lectin pathway

complement activation pathway that is activated by molecules on the surface of pathogens

alternative pathway

complement activation pathway that is activated by microbial surfaces

immunodeficiency disorders

disorders that occur when the immune system’s ability to fight off infections is impaired or absent; common among the very young, the very old, those suffering from malnourishment, and those recovering from organ transplant; ex: HIV, hypogammaglobulinemia, etc.

hypersensitivity disorders

abnormal immune responses to typical harmless substances, resulting in inflammation and damage to the body; ex: allergic reactions, blood type match, asthma, etc.

autoimmunity disorders

disorders that occur when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage; ex: Grave’s disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, etc.

healthy

If there is an even number of activated immune system cells and microbial bugs, the organism is ________.

sick

If there is less activated immune system cells than microbial bugs, the organism is ________.

autoimmune or hypersensitive

If there is more activated immune system cells than microbial bugs, the organism is ________.

autoimmunity

where the immune system attacks its own tissues and organs

antimicrobial drugs

medications used to treat and prevent infections caused by microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites; kill or inhibit the growth of these pathogens

antibacterial drugs

antimicrobial drugs that prevent infections from bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall, 70s proteins, nucleic acids, folate, or mycolic acid

cell wall

Penicillin, cephalosporins, vanomycin, and carbopenem are antibacterial drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the

70s proteins

Aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol are antibacterial drugs that inhibit the synthesis of

nucleic acids

Fluoroquinolones and rifamycins are antibacterial drugs that inhibit the synthesis of

folate

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim are antibacterial drugs that inhibit the synthesis of

mycolic acid

Isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide are antibacterial drugs that inhibit the synthesis of

penicillin

an antibacterial drug that prohibits the synthesis of the cell wall and is most effective G+ bacteria

cephalosporins

an antibacterial drug that prohibits the synthesis of the cell wall and is most effective against G- bacteria

vacomycin

an antibacterial drug that prohibits the synthesis of the cell wall and is used to treat colitis

colitis

inflation of the intestine caused by bacterial infections

carbopenem

an antibacterial drug that prohibits the synthesis of the cell wall and is most effective against G+, G- and anaerobic bacteria; used to treat resistant strains