Biology Exam 3

fragmentation

A form of asexual reproduction in which an organism simply regenerates missing parts of its body is known as ________.

asexual

A type of reproduction where a new individual (offspring) inherits all of its DNA from one parent is known as _______ reproduction.

eukaryotic-nucleus is dividing

Mitotic cell division takes place in (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) cells.

diploid

Cells which have two sets of chromosomes are described as being _______.

cell cycle= G1-s-G2-M-C; Mitosis=prophase-metaphase-anaphase, telophase

The phases of the CELL CYCLE are:

cytokinesis, mitosis

________ refers to division of the cytoplasm. _______ is division of the nucleus.

interphase

G1, S and G2 are collectively known as __________.

condensation, prophase

Twisting, shortening and thickening of the strands of chromatin is known as ______ an begins during _________.

binary fission

What is cell division in a prokaryotic cell called?

chromatids, centromere

After DNA replication, the two new strands of DNA formed are called ________ and are held together at a point on the chromosome called the ________.

An image/map of chromosomes, with homologous pairs ordered together.

What is a karyotype?

Metaphase-the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell
Prophase-the nucleoli and nuclear envelope disappear?
Interphase(S)-DNA (chromosomes) are copied by DNA replication?
Telophase-a nuclear envelope reforms around daughter chromosomes?
Anaphase-chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
Prophase-is the spindle formed?

When to the following events occur:
~the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?
~the nucleoli and nuclear envelope disappear?
~DNA (chromosomes) are copied by DNA replication?
~ a nuclear envelope reforms around daughter chromosomes?
~chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
~is the spindle formed?

Cell plate, Cleavage furrow

Cytokinesis is recognized by a __________ in plant cells and a ________ in animal cells.

46,23 - somatic cells has 46 - sperm or egg has 23

Human cells have ____ chromosomes, meaning there are ____ pairs of chromosomes. That means a somatic cell has how many? How many does sperm or egg have?

meiosis, gametes

_______ is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. The cells produced are called ______.

somatic, diploid

All the cells in the body of an organism that have the normal number of chromosomes ad are not involved in reproduction are known as _______ cells. Are these cells haploid or diploid?

protein

A genetic disorder is caused by a gene having incorrect instructions (coding) for the synthesis of a _________, which then will not function correctly.

tetrad, 4

In meiotic divisions, the homologous chromosomes pair side-by-side to form a _____ which will have _____ chromatids.

II

Which meiotic division (I of II)is most like mitosis?

4, haploid

When one cell divides by meiosis, then it is capable of producing ______ (2,4,6,8) daughter cells which are ________ (haploid or diploid).

crossing over

______ is when chromatids of homologous chromosomes twist around each other and exchange genetic information/

How are mitosis and meiosis different?

gene, phenotype

A region of a chromosome (DNA) that codes for the production of a protein is known as a _______. The protein produced influences a cell function which results in an Observable trait, known as _______.

alleles

All genes operate in Pairs that influence a trait. Different forms of a gene for a particular trait are known as _____.

genotype

The combination of genes an individual possesses is called its ________.

recessive, dominate

An allele that is only observed when it is in the homozygous condition is known as a _______ gene. An allele that shows up regardless of what other gene it is paired with is a _______gene.

genetic disorder is due to a defective gene, aneuploidy is an incorrect number of chromosomes

What is the difference between a genetic disorder and an aneuploidy.

dihybrid cross

A cross between two individuals that are different with respect to two traits is called a _______.

homozygous

When a person's alleles for a certain trait are identical (same), then he or she is said to be _____ for that trait.

yes, 25% (1/4)

In pea plants, the gene for a tall plant is dominant to a gene for a short plant? If yes, what percentage of the seeds should produce short plants?

alike: alleles code for the same trait and are found at the same locus on a chromosome Different: can code for a different expression of a trait(ex: purple flower color vs. white)

How are alleles alike? How can they be different?

dominant, recessive, complete

In guinea pigs, the gene for short hair will be expressed in the animal even if it is paired with a gene for long hair. The gene for short hair is then the _____ allele and the one for long hair is the _______ allele. This is an example of (partial, complete, or co-) dominance.

multiple alleles

If a gene has more than 2 possible forms, it is called ________.

traits due to genes on the x chromosome

What are sex-linked traits?

heterozygous

________ describes a pair of genes (alleles) for unlike characteristics.

aneuploidy

An abnormality involving the presence of an extra chromosome of the absence of a chromosome is called a(n) _______.

polygenic traits

________ is when a trait is influenced by 2 or more sets of genes.

23, 22, 1 - females will have 2 x chromosomes, males will have an x and a y

Humans have _____ pairs of chromosomes: _____pair of autosomes and ______ pair(s) of sex chromosomes. What is the difference in the sex chromosomes of a make and a female?

punnett square

The grid used to record offspring possibilities in a genetics problem is called a _______.

phenotype (purple), genotype. PP or Pp

In pea plants, the gene for purple flowers is dominant to a gene that codes for white flowers. If you see a pea plant with purple flowers, then you know the ( phenotype or genotype) of that plant, but not necessarily the ( phenotype or genotype). What are the possible genotypes?

Mendel

_______ is the "father of Genetics".

P

The two individuals crossed in a genetics problem are known as the _____generation.

F1

The ____ generation is the offspring of the P generation.

F2

Crossing two F1 individuals produces the ____generation.

type B=IB IB , IB i type o=ii type AB=IAIB

In the ABO blood group of humans, Ia gene is dominant and codes for blood type A, IB is also dominant and codes for blood type B, i codes for type O blood which is due to a genotype for type O blood?_____ When a person has the genotype IA IB what is the blood type? _______

incomplete dominance, yes(1 out of 4 would be red), yes (1 out of 4), 50% would be peppermint (2 out of 4)

In some plant species, if you cross a plant with red flowers and a plant with white flowers the seeds produced will grow into plants with peppermint colored flowers. This an example of ____. Could cross between two peppermint flowered plants produce a plant with red flowers? A plant with white flowers? What percentage of the seeds would produce peppermint colored flowers?

male - extra x chromosome (xxy). Turner's = female with 1x (XO instead of 2x chromosomes)

Klinefelter's syndrome is an aneuploidy in which a _______(male, female) has an extra _____chromosome. What about someone with Turner's syndrome?

non-disjunction, aneuploidy

The failure of chromosomes to separate in meiosis is called ______, and it can cause an abnormal number of chromosomes- -a disorder known as ______.

DNA: A-T and C-G
RNA: A-U and C-G

How do bases pair in DNA? How do bases pair in RNA?

tRNA (transfer RNA)

______ functions in protein synthesis by bringing a specific amino acid to the ribosome.

chromosome, nucleus

A _______ consists of DNA wound around histone proteins Where in the cell is it found?

sugar, phosphate, base

The three parts of a nucleotide are: 1)______, 2)________,3)_______.

transcription

The process by which the information in DNA is copied by RNA is known as ______.

translation

The process of _______is where the information in mRNA is used to build a polypeptide (protein).

DNA --Transcription--> RNA --Translation-->protein

Fill in the missing parts of the flow of biological information in the diagram below: ______--trans______-->_______--trans________-->__________

codon

A sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for one amino acid is known as a _______.

DNA replication: nucleus (during interphase)
Transcription: nucleus
Translation: cytoplasm (at ribosome)

In which part of a eukaryotic cell do the following take place? DNA replication:__________ transcription:_______ translation:______

S of interphase

When in the cell cycle (cell division)does the process of DNA replication occur?

gene

A region of a DNA molecule which codes for the synthesis of a protein is known as a ________.

plasmid

Recombinant DNA technology uses a loop of DNA known as a ______ into which isolated genes from other organisms are inserted.

Asexual reproduction

one individual giving rise to offspring, cell divides without additional DNA being added to the original DNA

yeast/hydra

budding

bacteria

binary fission

sea star

fragmentation

Sexual reproduction

2 individuals give rise to offspring, unique combo of DNA from both parents

chromatin

uncondensed DNA/loose

chromosomes

DNA molecules, condensed DNA

Interphase, Mitosis

Cell cycle

G1, S, G2

Interphase

chromatids

one of the two identical halves of a chromosomes

centromere

holds the chromatids together

spindle/spindle fibers

thread like that attach to chromosomes and pull them apart

animal cell

cleavage furrow

plant cell

cell plate

cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm

karyokinesis

division of nucleus

somatic cells

diploid cell

gametes: sperm and egg

haploid cell

haploid

1 set of chromosomes, n

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes, 2n

homologous chromosomes

genes at the same position, same etc

karyotype

Map of chromosome

autosomes

Pairs 1-22

sex chromosomes

pair 23

non-disjunction

failure for chromosomes to separate

down syndrome

autosome pair 21

Kleinfelters

sex chromosome, (extra X)- XXY

turner syndrome

sex chromosome, missing one- X_

Aneuploidy

Wrong number of chromosomes

Gregor Mendel

Father of genetics and pea plants

gene

basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

allele

genes that code for the same trait, different forms of a gene, Same locus

homozygous

alleles are the same

heterozygous

alleles are different

monohybrid cross

1 trait from parents to offspring

Dihybrid

2 traits from parents to offspring

P generation

parental 1st cross

F1 generation

offspring of P gen.

F2 generation

cross between 2F1, offspring of F1

Dominant allele

Show up in offspring (always expressed if present)-Uppercase letter