Chem 109 Unit 2 Exam

Terms for functional groups, isomers, polymers, biomolecules

Carbonyl carbon/group

A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

Aldehyde

A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and to a hydrogen atom

Ketone

A carbon atom partway along the chain is double bonded to an oxygen atom

Ether

An oxygen atom found in the middle of the molecule, bonded to 2 different R groups (either or)

Ester

A carbonyl group with a second oxygen atom single bonded to the carbonyl carbon; found in the middle of the molecule, bonded to 2 different R groups

Alcohol/hydroxyl group

Contains an -OH group covalently bonded to a carbon atom

Primary alcohol

One alkyl group is attached to the carbon with the -OH group

Secondary alcohol

Two alkyl groups are attached to the carbon with the -OH group

Tertiary alcohol

Three alkyl groups are attached to the carbon with the -OH group

Carboxylic acid

Carbonyl carbon bonded to a hydroxyl group; found at the end of a molecule

Alkene

A hydrocarbon containing one degree of unsaturation

Alkyne

A hydrocarbon containing 2 degrees of unsaturation

Amine

Derivative of ammonia; central nitrogen atom bonded to one or more hydrogens/R groups

Amide

Nitrogen atom single-bonded to a carbonyl carbon and two other groups; R or hydrogens

Primary amine

Nitrogen atom bonded to one R group and two hydrogens

Secondary amine

Nitrogen atom bonded to two R groups and one hydrogen

Tertiary amine

Nitrogen atom bonded to three R groups

Primary amide

Nitrogen atom single-bonded to a carbonyl carbon and two hydrogens

Secondary amide

Nitrogen atom single-bonded to a carbonyl carbon, one R group, and one hydrogen

Tertiary amide

Nitrogen atom single-bonded to a carbonyl carbon and two R groups

Amides

Which functional group is always planar due to resonance and hybridization rules?

Structural/constitutional isomers

Molecules that share the same molecular formula but differ in the order of atom connectivity.

Stereoisomers

Molecules that share the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in the 3D spatial arrangement of their atoms

Enantiomers

A pair of isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

Chirality

A property of a molecule that means it is non-superimposable onto its mirror image (like your left and right hand)

Diastereomers

Isomers that are non-superimposable, non-mirror images of each other

Geometric isomers

Isomers which have a different arrangement in 3D space due to a non-rotating bond or a ring structure

Cis isomer

An isomer where two identical groups are located on the same side of a rigid structure, such as a double bond or a ring

Trans isomer

An isomer where two identical groups are located on opposite sides of a rigid structure, such as a double bond or a ring

Addition polymer

A polymer formed by unsaturated monomers, typically with double bonds

Condensation polymer

A polymer whose formation releases a byproduct such as water; have functional group(s) in the polymer backbone (carboxylic acid, amide, or hydroxyl)

High-density polymer

Polymer with a LINEAR structure that allows for tight packing of molecules; has strong dispersion forces and is more rigid

Low-density polymer

Polymer with a BRANCHED structure that prevents tight packing of molecules; has weak dispersion forces and is more malleable

Cross-links

Covalent bonds between polymer chains that create a rigid, 3D network; enhance a polymer's strength, hardness, and resistance to heat and chemicals

Amino acid

A carbon atom (called the α carbon) bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and an R group (called the side chain)

Protein primary structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

Protein secondary structure

The local, 3D forms of polypeptide chain segments; determined by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between non-adjacent amine and carboxyl groups in an amino acid’s backbone

α-helix

A secondary protein structure consisting of a coiled polypeptide chain

β-sheet

A secondary protein structure consisting of a “pleated” sheet where the polypeptide chain connects side-by-side with itself

Protein tertiary structure

The overall 3D shape of a protein, formed by the folding and interactions of its secondary structures

Protein quaternary structure

The assembly of one or more polypeptides into a larger, functional protein complex; held together by intermolecular forces, not covalent bonds

DNA

Two polymer strands made up of nucleotide monomers that coil around each other in a double helix

Nucleotides

Monomers composed of a phosphate group and a nucleobase attached to a sugar

Glycerol

A chain of 3 carbon atoms, each bonded to a hydroxyl group

Fatty acid

A long, unbranched hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group at one end

Saturated glycerolipid

Has long, linear fatty acid chains that are easily stackable and have strong intermolecular forces

Unsaturated glycerolipid

Has fatty acid chains that are not as easily stackable and have weaker intermolecular forces