Brutus 1

Anti-Federalist

Opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

Confederated Government

Power concentrated in states; weak central authority.

Brutus

Anti-Federalist pseudonym opposing federal power expansion.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Allows Congress to create laws for enumerated powers.

Supremacy Clause

Federal laws take precedence over state laws.

State Powers

Feared annihilation under strong central government.

Taxation

Federal taxes limit states' financial resources.

Federal Courts

Federal courts override state courts' authority.

Size of Republic

A republic should be small for effective governance.

Representation

Large populations hinder representatives' accountability.

Public Awareness

Citizens unaware of leaders' actions and misconduct.

Elected Representatives

Struggle to represent diverse groups in large nations.

State Courts

Potentially rendered unnecessary by federal court supremacy.