RS Lit Midterm

anticipation

forecasting future dangers in small steps to cope with the danger gradually

ARCHETYPAL SETTINGS & SYMBOLS

the sun
the moon
the shadow
water
the sea
rivers
fountain
the whirpool
the underworld
the threshhold
the magic weapon
garden
tree
caves and tunnels
islands
desert
fire
circle
egg
triangle
yin-yang

Archetypes

model, pattern, or universally recognizable idea that can be seen in literature and art (like a template)

Behaviorist School of Psychology

attributed largely by Watson, Pavlov and Skinner
-All behaviors are learned through reward and punishment pairings
classical conditioning and operate conditioning are behavioral theories
techniques and ideas are still used much today

biographical

the authors life affects his or her work

black eagle in waterlily

manly, leadership, protective

blue bird in waterlily

honorable, strong, obedient

Carl Jung

swiss psychiatrist - contemporary of Freud - examined myths, religion, art, literature, and dreams - the collective unconscious

central biographical questions

what biographical fact has the author used in the text?
what biographical facts has the author changed? why?
what insights do we acquire about the authors life by reading the text?
how do these facts and insights increase (or diminish) our understanding of the text?
in what ways does the author seem to consider his or her own life as typical or significant?

central formalism questions

how do language and symbols make meaning?
what are the roles of character, setting, and point of view?
how are irony, paradox, imagery, and metaphor used?
how do the structure and other elements create unity and form?
does the work have internal tensions that influence the meaning?

central geographical questions

which geographical features in the text are actual?
what aspects of the geography are essential to the story? and which are non essential?
to what extent has the geography limited the kind of story that can happen?
in what ways has the writer altered the geography to suit in his or her purposes? has the author made any geographical errors?

central historical questions

what specific historical events were happening when the work was being composed?
what historical events does the work deal with?
in what ways did history affect the writer's outlook?
in what ways did history affect the style? language? content?
in what ways and for what reasons did the writer alter historical events?

central philosophical / religious questions

what religions or ethical beliefs does the text deal with directly? are any religions or philosophies mentioned specifically in the text?
what religious or ethical beliefs or philosophies does the author seem to favor? how can you tell?
what religious or ethical beliefs or philosophies does the author seem to disfavor? how can you tell?
what behaviors do the characters display that the author wants us to think are "right"? how can you tell?
what behavior is "wrong"? how can you tell?

central political questions

what political events are significant in the text?
what political events were occurring at the time the text was written?
what political beliefs does the author seem to have? and how are those beliefs shown?
what political beliefs does the author seem to dislike? how can you tell?

central psychological questions

are there any specific psychologists or psychological theories mentioned in the text? in what ways?
what theories of human behavior does the writer seem to believe? how can you tell?
what theories of human behavior does the writer seem to reject? how can you tell?
how do peoples mind work in the text? how do people think? how are their thoughts shown?
in what ways do the structure and organization of the text indicate the writer's beliefs about the workings of the mind?

central sociological / anthropological questions

what sort of society does the author describe?
what does the writer seem to like or dislike about this society?
what changes do you think the writer would like to make in the society? and how can you tell?
what sorts of pressures does the society put on its members? and how do the member respond to this pressure?

character archetype

specific trait, role in the community, literary work - commonality that makes a work relatable across time and place - example: the good mother

character archetypes

the hero
loner or outcast
underdog
the innocents
the villain
the terrible mother / the women as temptress
the stepmother
the damsel in distress
the wise one / the mentor / the sage
the spiritual earth mother / the good mother
the soul mate
loyal retainers
ill-fated lovers
nature helpers
jester / fool / trickster
scapegoat / sacrificial victim
the giant / monster / ogre
serpent

characterization / major characters

protagonist, antagonist, foil

characters

individuals who participate in the action of a literary work

Climax

the climax is the result of the crisis. it is the high point of the story for the reader

cognitive school of psycology

studies how people, think, learn, remember, and perceive
emerged during the 1950s
examples of theories: cognitive development, sociocultural theory, and process theory

COLOR ARCHETYPES

red
green
blue
black
white
brown
orange
pink
purple
yellow
gold

comic relief

the intrusion of humor interrupting or immediately following a scene of great excitement

Common themes in literature

the individual in nature
the individual in society
an individuals relation to the gods
human relations
growth and initiation
time
death
alienation

Conflict

the essence of fiction. it creates a plot

counting coup / strike coup

highest honor earned by warriors participating in the intertribal wars of the great plains

crisis

The conflict reaches a turning point. At this point the opposing forces in the story meet and the conflict becomes most intense. The crisis occurs before or at the same time as the climax.

Cyrano de Bergerac was first shown in what year? and where was it set in?

1897 - France in 1640

defense mechanisms

sublimation
humor
anticipation
rationalization
reaction formation
regression
identification
displacement
projection
fantasy
denial

denial

unpleasant external realities are ignored

displacement

shifting an emotion from its real target to another one. usually a threateningly powerful target is exchanged for a safer one

dream women in waterlily

quiet, kind, supernatural

elements of plot

All fiction is based on conflict and this conflict is presented in a structured format called PLOT.

Exposition

The introductory material which gives the setting, creates the tone, presents the characters, and presents other facts necessary to understanding the story.

falling action

Events after the climax, leading to the resolution

fantasy

Gratifying frustrated desires by imaginary achievements

first person POV

uses "I" - the story teller is in the story - describes the action as a participant

first women in waterlily

soft heart that doesn't show, tender grouch

five characteristics of naturalism

scientific detachment, determinism, pessimism, poverty and miserable circumstances, and indifferent or hostile nature
(example: social darwinism)

five characteristics of romanticism

awe of nature, strong senses and emotions, celebration of an individual, interest in common man and child, and importance of imagination

Foreshadowing

the use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story

formalism

formalist criticism is defined as a literary criticism approach which provides readers with a way to understand and enjoy a work for its own inherent value as a piece of literary art

Formalism

the work is interpreted only through itself

Four primary archetypes

the self, the shadow, the persona, the anima / animus

functionalist school of psycology

how minds adapt to their environments
number of functional thinkers
interested the purpose of thoughts and behaviors

geographical

settings limit and define what writers can produce

Gestalt School of Psychology

wertheimer, kohler, and koffka were the thinkers associated with this school
holism was the philosophy it ran by
began in Germany and Austria in the late 29th century

giveaways

honoring someone

gloku in waterlily

thankful, wise, caring

grandmother in waterlily

traditional, wise, loving

historical

historical events helps shape a work

How many native languages did there used to be in North America?

over 3000

humanistic school of psychology

Maslow, Rogers, and Moustakas influenced this school
remains popular today
focused on: fully functioning, free will, hierarchy of needs, peak experiences, and self actualization

humor

capacity to not take oneself too seriously, as in accepting one's shortcoming and talking about it in a socially acceptable way

hunka

the making of relatives

Idealism

behavior or thought based on a vision of things as they ought to be, rather than as they really are

identification

taking on the characteristics of someone viewed as successful

Imagry

language that appeals to the senses

Inciting Force

The event or character that triggers the conflict.

irony

A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens.

Joseph Cambell

professor, comparative mythology, and comparative religion - the hero with 1000 faces - the hero's journey - influences George Lucas' work on Star Wars

kinship avoidance

institutionalized formal avoidance of one individual by another

kola

friend

Lakota naming conventions

gifts, food, and prayers are arranged

Lakota Sun Dance

the most important ceremony practiced by the Lakota and nearly all plains Indians - renewal of tribe, people, and earth

literary critic

person who examines a text closely, looking for deeper meaning and insights

little chief in waterlily

obedient, gentle, respectful

main schools of thought in psychology

the different schools of psychology represent the major theories within the field of psychological science

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

self-actualization (self fulfillment)
esteem needs and belongingness and love (psychological needs)
safety needs and physiological needs (basic needs)

Monomyth

tasks, terms

mood

feeling you get in the literary work

number archetypes

one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
twelve

old man in waterlily

honorable, generous, wise

Orthography

the alphabet system of a language

philosophical and religious

The religious and ethical climate influences writers and their texts

Plato

greek philosopher - wrote about idealized form - theorized that all humans have an understanding of an abstract idea (the archetype)

plot

the chain of related events that take place in a story

plural wives

chiefs and warriors such as red cloud had one wife - many others had 2 or 3 some even 6 or 7

point of view

the narrative method used in a short story, novel, or nonfiction selection

political

prevailing political conditions often modify a literary work

projection

attributing ones own unacceptable behavior onto someone else

psychoanalytic school of psycology

founded by Sigmund Freud
not used much today
based on id, ego, and superego

psychological

prevailing theories of human behavior find their way into literature

rainbow in waterlily

rover

Rationalization

justifying a disturbing or unacceptable thought or feeling by selecting a logical reason to think or feel that way

reaction formation

adopting or expressing the opposite of ones true feelings or motives

regression

returning to an earlier stage of development

Resolution

rounds out and concludes the action

rising action

Events leading up to the climax

role of story telling

teach lessons, history, remember where traditions came from

setting

the time, place, and social circumstances of a short story, novel, play, narrative poem, or narrative non-fiction work

Shophocles

greek playwright - the tragic hero (the archetype)

Situational archetype

common life events - birth, death, moment of rebirth, epiphany - literary situations - hero's journey

Situational Archetypes

the quest
the journey
the task
supernatural intervention
innate wisdom vs. educated stupidity
the fall
the battle between good and evil
the ritual
sleep / the void
death / rebirth

sociological / anthropological

social conditions and notions of the origins and cultures of humanity affect literature

star elk in waterlily

jealous, dishonorable, immature

Sublimation

transforming a socially unacceptable anxiety into a source of energy that produces no adverse consequences and is socially acceptable

Symbolism archetype

elements of setting plot

themes

the central idea or message in a literary work