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Cotton Gin
Creator: Eli Whitney
It will make cotton production efficiently and cost effective which will drive the demand for slaves
“King Cotton”
King Cotton was a phrase coined in the years before the Civil War to refer to the economy of the American South
Slave Codes
Slaves were prohibited from bearing arms or from defending themselves.
They could not own property.
They were not allowed to testify in court against a white person, and could not serve on juries.
They could not enter into any legal contracts, including marriage. ...
They had no right to vote.
Field Slaves
Majority were field slaves and worked dawn to dusk. Some worked under the task system which required slaves to complete a specific job once done they were free to manage own affairs.
Did skilled work like carpentry and ironsmithing and unskilled work like tending the crops.
House Slaves
Household slaves cooked, cleaned, and nursed the master's children.
Are constantly watched by their masters and mistresses. Had far less privacy than those who worked the fields.
House slaves faced beatings, verbal abuse and sexual assault.
Conditions of Slavery
Lived in crude quarters that left them exposed to bad weather and disease.
Diets consisted of cornmeal and salt pork.
The weather conditions of the South made health problems like yellow fever, dysentery, and malaria common.
Slave codes reinforced the concept that slaves were property and prevented slaves from having any rights.
Punishments
Slaves were punished for not working fast, being late, talking back, running away, and other reasons.
Slave punishment included whippings, torture, mutilation, imprisonment, the threat of abusing a loved one and being sold away.
Fugitive Slave Clause
"no person held to service or labor" would be released from bondage in the event they escaped to a free state.
3/5 compromise
Three-fifths compromise, compromise agreement between delegates from the Northern and the Southern states at the United States Constitutional Convention (1787) that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.
Missouri Compromise
An agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state and Maine enter as a free state.
Gabriel Prossers Rebellion
Gabriel Prosser plans the first major slave rebellion.
Gabriel wanted to create an independent black state in Virginia on August 30, 1800.
Gabriel and 26 of his companions are hanged.
Denmark Veseys Rebellion
Minister who plans rebellion with over 1,000 members.
Informant betrays revolt. Most faced deportations and hangings.
South is paranoid about slave revolts and Slave Laws.
Nat Turners Rebellion
Nat Turner claimed to have visions and was ordered by God to rebel.
In August 1831, led a revolt in which 57 men, women and children are hacked to death.
The rebellion causes the South to pass strict Slave Codes.
Abolition
Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States
"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States
Wilmot Provisio
1846
Proposed by Congressman David Wilmot (D – PA)
No slavery in territories acquired as result of Mexican War
Rejected
Compromise of 1850
A Fugitive Slave Act would order all citizens of the United States to assist in the return of enslaved people who had escaped their owners. It would also deny a jury trial to escaped slaves.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Passed in 1854, the Act’s sponsor, senator Stephen Douglas from Illinois offered the possibility of extending slavery above 36’30” (into Nebraska and Kansas) in exchange for making his home town (Chicago) in his home state, the terminus of the proposed Transcontinental Railroad
Whether or not these states would be admitted as free or slave would be determined by Popular Sovereignty
Many northerners opposed this plan
Popular Sovereignty
As the debate over the expansion of slavery grew more passionate, legislators worked to compromise over the issue.
Proposed by Lewis Cass in 1848, “Popular Sovereignty,” would allow the citizens of proposed states to vote on whether their state would be free or slave.
This “compromise” helped push the nation to violence, bloodshed, and eventually war.
Uncle Toms Cabin
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom's Cabin tells the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved person, depicted as saintly and dignified, noble and steadfast in his beliefs.
Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott first went to trial to sue for his freedom in 1847 after his master brought him and left him in free territory.
Court Decided:
that all people of African ancestry -- slaves as well as those who were free -- could never become citizens of the United States and therefore could not sue in federal court.
The court also ruled that the federal government did not have the power to prohibit slavery in its territories. Scott, needless to say, remained a slave, and the MO Compromise was declared unconstitutional.
Bleeding Kansas
Mini civil war: “Bleeding Kansas”
Three distinct political groups occupied Kansas: pro-slavery, Free-Staters and abolitionists. Violence broke out immediately between these opposing factions and continued until 1861 when Kansas entered the Union as a free state on January 29.
John Brown
Abolitionist
Involved in the Underground Railroad
Moved to Kansas to support the anti-slavery cause
Responded to violence by pro-slavery men by organizing the murder of 5 proslavery settlers: Pottowatomie Creek
Harpers Ferry
Brown planned a raid on a federal arsenal
He wanted to distribute weapons to slaves
Action failed. Brown and his men were mostly captured or killed within 36 hours
Brown was ultimately hanged
Free soil vs abolition
Unlike the Liberty Party, the 1848 Free Soil Party platform did not address fugitive slaves or racial discrimination, nor did it call for the abolition of slavery in the states.
Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln (Republican) won the presidential election of 1860 in a four-way contest.
Lincoln received less than 40% of the popular vote, he easily won the Electoral College vote over Stephen Douglas (Democrat), John Breckenridge (Southern Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union).
Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States between the Union and the Confederacy, which had been formed by states that had seceded from the Union.
1861-1865
Causes of Civil War
Conflict over slavery and the right of states to control it
Abolition, Dred Scott, Harper’s Ferry
Lincoln’s election as president in 1860
Secession
Attack on Fort Sumter
Effects of Civil War
618,000 dead
360, Union, 258k Confederate
Large number of widows who began engaging in careers or activities outside the home
Emancipation of 4 million slaves
Paved the way for 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
First modern war with submarines, ironclads, explosives, shells, repeat rifles
Economic ruin
Bitterness between North and South
Increase in ethnic tolerance in the North
Set a precedent for secession: not constitutional
Strengthened the central government
Advantages of the North
Yankees boasted ¾ of nation's wealth and ¾ of its 30,000 miles of railroads
North controlled seas with superior navy
Sea power enabled North to exchange huge quantities of grain for munitions and supplies from Europe
Union enjoyed much larger reserve of manpower:
22 million population
Seceding states 9 million, including 3.5 million slaves
immigrants continued to pour into North
Advantages of the South
Could fight defensively behind interior lines
North had to invade vast Confederacy, conquer it, and drag it back into Union
South only need a draw to win its independence
South fought for self-determination and preservation
South at first enjoyed high morale
Militarily, South had most talented officers, esp. Lee
Ordinary Southerners accustomed to managing horses and bearing arms
South seemed handicapped by scarcity of factories, but managed to obtain sufficient weaponry
Disadvantages of the North
1/5 of Union forces were foreign-born
Initially ordinary Northern boys less prepared than Southern counterparts for military life
North much less fortunate in its higher commanders
Lincoln used trial-and-error methods to find most effective leaders, finally uncovering Ulysses S. Grant
Disadvantages of the South
Grave shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blankets
Economy was South's greatest weakness, but North's greatest strength
Secession
Secession is the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity
The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession.
A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded
Fort Sumter
Issue of divided Union came to a head over matter of federal forts in South: As seceding states left, they seized U.S. arsenals, mints, and other public property within their borders
Antietam
Antietam, the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater. It also gave President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation at a moment of strength rather than desperation.
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war.
The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
Confiscation acts
Laws passed by the United States Congress during the Civil War with the intention of freeing the slaves still held by the Confederate forces in the South
Draft Riots
A major four-day eruption of violence in New York City resulting from deep worker discontent with the inequities of conscription during the U.S. Civil War
Women’s Roles
There were nurses, civilian volunteers, and writers who stood in solidarity with their male counterparts to serve the country they believed in.
These women of the Civil War courageously fought not only the enemy soldiers but the traditional expectations of a 19th century gentlewoman.
African American’s roles
Black soldiers served in artillery and infantry and performed all noncombat support functions that sustain an army, as well.
Gettysburg
Fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War.
The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point.
Border states
The border states were slave states and consisted of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia. Geographically, these states separated the North from the South during the Civil War.
Appomattox
marks the beginning of the country's transition to peace and reunification following four years of Civil War.
This is the site of General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant in April, 1865.
Reconstruction
The historic period in which the United States grappled with the question of how to integrate millions of newly freed African Americans into social, political, and labor systems
13th Amendment
"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws,”
15th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
10% Plan
State could be reintegrated into Union when 10% of its voters in presidential election of 1860 swore allegiance to Union
Pockets of “Lincoln Governments” in places like LA, TN, VA
Wade-Davis Bill
Required 50% of state's voters take oath of allegiance
Demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln's as price of readmission to Union
Lincoln “pocket-vetoed” bill
Presidential vs Congressional vs Redemption
Agreed with Lincoln—seceded states never left Union, but otherwise v. lenient towards South
Quickly recognized several of Lincoln's 10% governments
Pardoned most Southerners except wealthy planters
and then:
13th Amendment passed by Congress in January 1865
Ratified by ¾ of the states by the end of 1865
Establishment of the KKK
The name of several historical and current American white supremacist, far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups. The Klan was "the first organized terror movement in American history."
Lynching
Form of violence in which a mob, under the pretext of administering justice without trial, executes a presumed offender, often after inflicting torture and corporal mutilation.
Redeemers
The Southern wing of the Democratic Party.
They sought to regain their political power and enforce White supremacy.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Decided by the Supreme Court in 1896 declared that “separate, but equal” facilities were constitutional”
Convict Leasing
Within a few years states realized they could lease out their convicts to local planters or industrialists who would pay minimal rates for the workers and be responsible for their housing and feeding -- thereby eliminating costs and increasing revenue.
“Slavery by another name”
90-minute documentary that challenges one of Americans' most cherished assumptions: the belief that slavery in this country ended with the Emancipation Proclamation.
Freedman’s bureau
Congress passed “An Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees” to provide food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans.
Sharecropping/tenant farming
A system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop.
This encouraged tenants to work to produce the biggest harvest that they could, and ensured they would remain tied to the land and unlikely to leave for other opportunities.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
declared all persons born in the United States to be citizens, "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude."
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Outlined the terms for readmission to representation of rebel states.
The bill divided the former Confederate states, except for Tennessee, into five military districts.
Compromise of 1877
An unwritten political deal in the United States to settle the intense dispute over the results of the 1876 presidential election, ending the filibuster of the certified results and the threat of political violence
Legacy of Reconstruction
The 14th and 15th Amendments began permanent changes across the United States. Former slaves were now citizens with voting rights.
The New South was becoming industrial, but in many ways it remained the same.
For a century after Reconstruction ended, the South was known as the Solid South, always voting Democratic. It was not until the 1970s that the Republican Party was able to gain ground in the South.
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