Development

Geography Paper 1 Section 2- Development

what is development

improvement and increased progress; the idea of improving people’s quality of life

what are different areas of development

• wealth (economic development)

• social development e.g. healthcare

• political development e.g. freedom

inequality definition

differences in wealth and access to the resources that improve the quality of life

what is a developed country

a high income country with high standards of living e.g. UK

what is an emerging country

a country that is developing rapidly but still has high inequalities e.g. India

what is a developing country

low income country where people have little access to schooling and healthcare e.g. Afghanistan

economic measures of development

• GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

• GNI (Gross National Income)

• Gini coefficient

what is GDP

the value of goods and services within a country in US$

what is GNI

GDP plus the value of goods and services from abroad

what is the Gini coefficient

measures how much of the income of a country goes to the richest people in that country

what are social measures of development

• birth rate

• death rate

• literacy rate

• life expectancy

• infant mortality rate

• people per doctor

• access to safe clean water

what is birth rate

number of babies born per 1000 per year

what is death rate

he number of people who die per 1000 per year

what is literacy rate

percentage of people who can read or write

what is life expectancy

average age you’re expected to live

what is infant mortality rate

number of children who die under the age of 1 per 1000 per year

what is people per doctor

number of doctors per population

what is access to safe cleaning water

percentage of people who have safe clean drinking water

what are political measures of development

CPI (corruption perception index)

what is the CPI

an approximate measure of how corrupt the government is in a nation

what is the range of ratings in CPI

ranges from 0-100 with 100 being the least corrupt gov

what type of measure is HDI

composite

what does HDI stand for

human development index

what does HDI measure

• education

• life expectancy

• wealth (GDP etc)

what level of birth rate would a developed country have and why

• lower birth rate as more women have jobs and so don’t want a big family as they want to focus on their career

• more access to contraception

• don’t want to spend money on childcare as more expensive here

• more secular beliefs so less of a religious focus on having children

what would birth rate levels be like in developing countries and why

• higher birth rate as less education and women less likely to have a job

• strong religious beliefs so believe more children good

• less access to contraception

• need children to work in businesses to make money for their family

what are death rate levels like in developed countries

• lower death rate as they have access to healthcare, food, sanitation and clean water

what are death rates like in developing countries

• higher as they have less access to healthcare, food, sanitation and clean water

what are literacy rates like in developed countries

higher as they have better education and a wider access of this for everyone to a higher level, including women

what are literacy rates like in developing countries

lower literacy rate as less money in education and less access to higher quality higher education

what are infant mortality rates like in developed countries

lower as they have better healthcare investment and midwives

what are infant mortality rates like in developing countries

higher as they have worse healthcare and worse access to doctors

what are people per doctor rates in developed countries

• lower as education good, free and accessible

• more money invested into healthcare

what are people per doctor rates like in developing countries

• higher as there is a lack of education and investment

what is an advantage of using HDI as a development indicator

it uses data from many aspects of development, including life expectancy, wealth and education, meaning its more fair when discussing the development of different countries

what is demography

study of population

what data can demographics include

• gender

• age

• ethnicity

• number of people

what does a population pyramid show us

a countries population structure based on their age and gender

what are the two main sections of population pyramids

• economically active population

• dependent population

what is the dependent population

those who don’t work and help the economy; young dependents (children) and old dependents (elderly retired people)

what does the width of the base of the pyramid tell us about a countries development

• narrow base means lower birth rate- means a developed country

• wider base means higher birth rate- developing country

what does the number of children on a population pyramid tell us about a countries development

• more children- developing

• less children- developed

• shows us the number of dependents a country has

what does indents in a population pyramid tell us

shows higher death rates than normal; could be due to war, famine, disease or outmigration

what do bulges in a population pyramid tell us about the population

period of immigration or baby boom

what does the width of the top of the pyramid tell us about a countries development

• broad at the top means more people living longer and higher life expectancy so developed

• less further up the pyramid means more people dying earlier, lower life expectancy so developing

what does the steepness of the pyramid tell us about the country’s population

• steep sides- higher infant mortality rates and more deaths so developing

• shallow sides- lower infant mortality rates and less deaths so developed

what does proportion of male to females tell us about a country

more males means less developed as women viewed as lesser

four main reasons for global inequality

• social investment

• political and economic policies

• history and colonialism

• physical environment

how is social investment a reason for global inequality

countries which have prioritised the investment in education and healthcare are more developed

how does high social investment make a country more developed

social investment gives more money to healthcare and education, which attracts investors and encourages economic development

example of a country that hasn’t developed due to lack of social investment

Sierra Leone- gained independence in 1963, after which it stopped investing in its healthcare systems and since then its economy has declined

what are the two types of economies

• open economy

• closed economy

example of an open economy

UK

why are open economies good

encourage foreign investment and so develop faster, creating jobs and funding infrastructure

example of a closed economy

North Korea

how developed are closed economies

less developed

how can politics slow development

political mismanagement or corruption

example of a country thats development slowed due to political corruption

Zimbabwe

ways that political and economic policies cause development inequalities

• type of economy (open/close)

• political mismanagement/corruption

• international relations

• poor systems of governance

• education and brain drain

• climate and health institutions

how does poor international relations make a country less developed

a country may have to pay a higher interest rate on its debt or may not be able to borrow at all

how do poor systems of governance make a country less developed

development under authoritarian governments can cause lack of development e.g. Zimbabwe

what is brain drain

where the best educated people try to live in a developed country with higher standards

how do climate/health institutions affect development

diseases like cholera and malaria are more likely to happen in some climates, so gov or social culture can make their spread more likely

• more deaths means less development and could lead to more brain drain

how does history and colonialism effect inequalities

• colonisation

• conflict and wars

• neo-colonialism

how did colonisation affect development

• European powers exploited their colonies for economic gain and inequality in trading meaning that the countries themselves didn’t get this gain

• made colonising countries richer and colonised poorer even until today

how do wars and conflict make a country less developed

• damage a countries infrastructure by destroying buildings

• make the gov spend more money on weapons

• more people dying so less jobs

• then have to pay for rebuilding

what is neo-colonialism

more powerful nations indirectly influence and control post-colonial countries by their control of debt markets and their transnational corporations- how rich countries still dominate poorer countries

exceptions to colonialism meaning less development

• Ethiopia is still developing despite not being colonised

• Singapore was colonised but is developed

what factors of physical environment impact development inequalities

• type of land

• natural resources

• frequent natural hazards

• landlocked countries

• mountainous countries

• tropical diseases

how does the type of land of a country affect its development

infertile farmland (infertile soil or steep relief) leads to low food production, meaning population size is smaller and more money needed to be spent on imports

how do natural resource availability affect a countries development

countries that have no natural resources like coil, oil or gold have less to sell and to use for themselves meaning they will have less money and need to spend more on imports

how can a country rich in natural resources still be poor now

if they were colonised, the colonising country would usually take all of these resources for themselves, leaving none to the colonised country, meaning they do not have any natural resources anymore, and so are still developing

how do frequent natural hazards affect a country’s development

land on tectonic boundaries or vulnerable to flooding means a nation is frequently trying to rebuilt what it had, instead of growing

how does a country being landlocked affect its development

• they don’t have access to the sea so have worse trade links

• most world trade happens at sea in container ships so if a country cannot physically export its goods, it develops more slowly

• has to pay to use another country’s ports

how are mountainous countries less developed

• hard to drive through to reach the sea or other countries

• bad and infertile land so cannot grow so less food

• harder to build houses and cities so less people and less developed

how are more temperate countries richer

they can grow more crops all year round, meaning they have more food for themselves and can sell more food to other countries, making them richer

what are the consequences of global inequality

• income

• health

• international migration

• environment

what is income

the amount of money earned each year

what does inequality mean for the income of a country

means that less developed countries have less money to spend on their country and individuals have less money themselves to fund their life

what does inequality mean for health of developed and developing countries

• developed countries have better healthcare systems,more doctors and hospitals and higher life expectancies than less developed nations

• more people dying means less workers and therefore continue to be less developed

where do people migrate

nations with a better quality of life

what are the negative impacts of global migration

can build tensions between nations and even cause wars

what is the impact of development and inequality on the environment

development often comes with industrialisation and new industries in metals, mining, chemicals and manufacturing can release lots of pollutants into the environment

what are the two theories for development

• Rostow’s modernisation theory

• Frank’s dependency theory

what does Rowstows modernisation theory look like- how many parts are there and what are they like

forecasts that each country will go through 5 stages of economic growth as it develops

what part of the world is Rostow’s theory based on

European capitalist countries

what are some negatives about Rostow’s theory

• just based on European countries and overlooking other ways in which a country would develop

• assumes all countries start with the same resources and other geographical factors

what are the five stages of Rostow’s theory in order

• traditional society

• pre-conditions for takeoff

• take-off

• drive to maturity

• mass consumption

what happens in stage one of Rostow’s theory (traditional society)

• most people work in agriculture but produce little surplus (extra food which they could sell)

• subsistence economy

what is trade with other countries like in traditional society

not much trade

what happens in pre-conditions for take-off

• shift from farming to manufacturing- trade increases profits, which are invested into new industries and infrastructure

• agriculture produces cash crops for sale

• begins developing more quickly

• basic infrastructure (transport and electricity)

• sell manufactured goods

what happens in take-off

• growth is rapid; investment and technology create new manufacturing industries

• requires investment from profits earned from overseas trade

• urbanisation begins

• country industrialises

• wages rise and wealth increases as owners of factories make profits

what happens in the drive to maturity

• a period of growth; technology is used throughout the economy

• industries produce consumer goods

• demand for services in tertiary sector grows

• peoples standards of living grow and people demand better healthcare and education

what happens in mass consumption

• period of comfort where consumers enjoy a wide range of goods as societies choose how to spend their wealth

• allows everyone to own consumer products

• lots of trade with other nations

• consumption grows

what is the central idea of Frank’s dependency theory

• says that poor, peripheral countries stay poor because they are dependent on the rich, core countries

• related to colonialism and neo-colonialism

why does Frank believe that countries are made poor in the first place

historical unfair trade due to colonialism

peripheral nations definition and what their development is like

dependent on core countries; their development will remain stagnant while core nations continue to develop

what does Frank’s dependency theory look like

a centre circle which is the core countries, with periphery countries surrounding it with arrows for the trade between them

what do periphery countries give to the core countries

basic resources and raw materials, as well as debt