Respiratory System Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing the respiratory system, covering ventilation, diffusion, transport, and regulation.

Respiratory Muscles

Muscles including external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, anterior serrati and scaleni.

Pulmonary Ventilation

The inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

Diffusion

Transfer of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood.

Transport of Gases

Movement of O2 and CO2 in blood and fluids to and from tissues/cells.

Pleural Pressure

Controls the pressure of fluid in the pleural space

Alveolar Pressure

Pressure in the alveoli, which must fall below atmospheric pressure for air to flow inward.

Surface Tension

Attraction between water molecules at a surface, attempting to contract the surface.

Surfactant

Agent in water that reduces surface tension

Spirometry

Recording the volumes movements of air into in and out the lungs

Tidal Volume

Volume of air inspired/expired with each normal breath

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Maximum extra volume of air that can be expired forcefully after the end of a normal tidal expiration.

Residual Volume

Volume of air remaining in lungs after most forceful expirations

Inspiratory Capacity

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume, 3500 ml. The amount of air a person can breath in

Functional Residual Capacity

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume, 2300 ml. Amount of air remaining in lungs at the end of normal expiration

Vital Capacity

Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory reserve volume, 4600 ml. Maximum amount of air a person can expel after filling lungs to max extent and expiring to max extent

Total Lung Capacity

Vital Capacity + Residual Volume, 5800 ml. Maximum volume to which lungs can be expanded with the most effort

Obstructive Lung Disease

A lung disease pattern where airflow is blocked or restricted, making it harder for air to flow out of the lungs.

Restrictive Lung Disease

A lung disease pattern where lung expansion is limited, leading to a reduction in lung volume.

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1s (FEV1)

The volume exhaled in the first second after deep inspiration and forced expiration.

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

The total volume of air that the patient can forcibly exhale in one breath.

FEV1/FVC Ratio

The ratio of FEV1 to FVC expressed as a percentage.

Diffusion

The random motion of molecules in all directions through a membrane and adjacent fluids

Partial Pressure

The pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture of gases.

Vapor Pressure of Water

The pressure at which water molecules escape into the gas phase.

Respiratory Unit

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, atria, and alveoli

Respiratory Membrane

Layer of watery fluid, alveolar epithelium, epithelial basement membrane, thin interstitial space, capillary basement membrane, and capillary endothelial membrane.

O2 Diffusion

From alveoli into blood until pressures equalize.

CO2 Diffusion

From tissues into capillaries until pressures equalize.

Arterial Blood O2 Transport

The amount of blood entering the left atrium that has become oxygenated.

O2 Transport

Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissues per 100 ml of blood flow.

Utilization Coefficient

Percentage of blood that gives up its O2 as it passes through tissue capillaries.

Bohr Effect

Occurs when blood passes through the tissues and CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood, causing a shift in the O2-Hb dissociation curve.

O2 is transported in the blood via

Hb in the RBC

CO2 transport

CO2 is transported:CO2, Hgb-CO2 , HCO3

Chloride Shift

Chloride shifts into venous RBC, to maintain electrical neutrality as bicarbonate moves out.

Haldane Effect

O2 combining with hemoglobin displaces CO2 from the blood.

Ventilatory Regulation

Regulates alveolar ventilation to maintain arterial blood gases (PO2/PC2) at relatively constant levels.

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Inspiratory action potentials, basic rhythm of respiration.

Inspiratory Ramp

Slow, weak, steadily increasing action potentials to the diaphragm.

Hering-Breuer Reflex

Prevents overinflation of the lungs.

Pneumotaxic Center

Inhibitory signals to the dorsal respiratory group, controls filling phase of the respiratory cycle and inhibits inspiration.

Ventral Respiratory Group

Inspiration/expiration, depending on specific neuron activation and is inactive during normal quiet breathing.

Ultimate Goal of Respiration

Maintain physiological concentration of O2, H+, and CO2 in tissues.

PCO2/H+

Stimulates chemosensitive area of the central respiratory center.

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Detects changes in PO2 and respond to PCO2 and H+.

Glomus cells

O2-sensitive potassium channels are inactivated when blood PO2 decreases markedly which causes depolarization and an increase in INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM +++