APUSH UNIT 3

first 3 wars of SEVEN YRS WAR

1) King Williams War - British launched expeditions to capture Quebec from France but failed. Indians supported by French burned down British frontier settlements

2) Queen Anne’s War - British gained more success and gained Nova Scotia from France and trading rights in Spanish America

3) King George’s War - Oglethorpe led a colonial army that repulsed Spanish attacks. New Englanders captured Louisburg in Canada. In a peace treaty ending the war, Britain returned Louisburg to France in exchange for political and economic gains in India

Washington & Braddock

• from the British POV, the French provoked the war by building forts in Ohio River Valley.

• Hoping to stop the French, Washington was sent, and after gaining a small victory, surrendered

• In another, Braddock and 2000 troops were defeated by a smaller force of French and Indians

Albany Plan of Union

• recognizing the need, British gov. called for reps from several colonies to meet in Albany

• In 1754, the delegates from 7 colonies adopted the plan developed by Franklin that provided an intercolonial gov and system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes

• Never actually happened but set stage for American Revolution

British victory

British PM, William Pitt, concentrated the government’s military strategy on conquering Canada. This was accomplished with the retaking of Louisbourg in 1755, the surrender of Quebec to Gen James Wolfe and taking of Montreal in 1760

Peace of Paris

After British victory, treaty was negotiated and Great Britain acquired both French Canada and Spanish Florida. In compensation for Spain’s loss of Florida, France gave Louisiana to Spain

Immediate effects of war

• gave Great Britain unchallenged supremacy among Europeans in North America

• challenged autonomy of many American Indians

• American colonies no longer faced the threat of concerned attacks from French, Spanish, and American Indian allies

British view of Seven yrs war

The British came away from the war with a low opinion of colonial military abilities. They noted that some colonies did not give troops or money to support the war. Most British were convinced they didn’t want to defend

Colonial view of seven yrs war

• proud of their record in all 4 wars and were convinced that they could provide for their own defense

• They weren’t impressed with the British troops bc their methods of warfare seemed badly suited to the terrain

What ended with the French & Indian War?

salutary neglect

What happened to colonists due to the seven yrs war?

they were taxed due to the war costs

Pontiac’s rebellion

• 1st major test of New British policy came when Chief Pontiac led an attack against colonial settlement

• The Indians were upset by the movement of the British and Pontiac’s alliance of Indians destroyed forts & settlements

• added on to the damage of the war

proclamation of 1763

In an effort to stabilize the western frontier, the British gov.t issued a proclamation that stopped colonists from settling west of Applachain Mountains

Colonists were mad and ignored the line

Sugar Act

• this act placed taxes on foreign sugar and certain luxuries

• companion law would also provide for stricter enforcement of Nav Acts to stop smuggling

Quartering Act

• this act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies

Stamp Act

Act enacted by Parliament that required all revenue stamps by placing on printed paper in the colonies

first direct tax on colonists

Patrick Henry

A young VA lawyer spoke for many when he stood up in the House of Burgesses to demand that the king’s gov.t recognize the rights of all citizens including the right to not be taxed w/o representation

Stamp Act Congress

• In Mass. Otis insisted a call for cooperative action among the colonies to protest the Stamp Act

• Reps from 9 colonies met in NY in 1765 and formed a Congress and argued that only their elected rep had legal authority to approve the taxes

sons & daughters of liberty

the protest against the Stamp Act took a violent turn when members of this started to tar and feather tax collecters

declaratory act

had the right to tax & make laws for the colonies “in all cases”

townshend acts

the parliament enacted new duties to be collected on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper

also provided ability to conduct a search of private homes and smuggled goods

letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania

— argued that Parliament could regulate colonial commerce, but if it wanted to tax, it had to have approval of assemblies that included colonial representation

Massachusetts Circular Letter

James Otis and Samuel Adams wrote this letter urging colonists to petition Parliament to repeal Townshend Acts

British ordered the letter retracted

Repeal

Parliament repealed the “acts” however, they still kept a tax on tea as a symbol of the right to tax colonists

Boston Massacre

In March 1770, a crowd of colonists harassed guards near the customs house. The guards shot into the crowd, killing 5

Committees of Correspondence

initiated by Samuel Adams. In Boston and other Massachusetts towns, Adams began the practice of organizing committees that would regularly exchange letters about threatening British actions

Gaspee

• a British ship that caught several smugglers

• In 1722, it ran around RI, seizing the opportunity to destroy a ship, a group of colonists dressed as natives set the ship on fire

Boston Tea Party

• the colonists continued their refusal to buy British tea bc it had tax on it

• hoping to help tea company, Parliament made British tea cheaper than smuggled

• a shipment of tea arrived in Boston, and colonists dressed as natives overtook the boat and dumped all the tea into the water

Intolerable Acts

british enacted acts as punishment for British

1) Port Act

2) Mass Gov.t Act

3) Admin of Justice Act

4) Quartering Act

Quebec Act

• British passed a law organizing the Canadian lands gained by French

• To satisfy French speaking, the act established Roman Catholicism the official language of Quebec

• it also set up a gov w/o representative assembly to Ohio River

Deism

• many enlightenment thinkers were deists

• believed that people have free will

Rationalism

• belief in human reason to understand the natural world

• led to studying science and human behavior rather than following interpretations of the Bible

Social Contract

• influenced by John Locke

• people give up rights to receive equality and liberty from gov

Common Sense

• Thomas Paine wrote this and was the first one to express the want for independence fully

• directly attacked King and urged ppl to listen

1st continental congress

purpose was to respond to what the delegates viewed as Britain’s alarming threats to their liberties

all in attendance were wealthy white men but with all diff views

Suffolk resolves

issued by Massachusetts and called for a repeal of Intolerable Acts

Declaration & Resolves

urged king to restore colonial rights and recognized parliment’s authority to regulate commerce

Continental Association

enforced economic sanctions of Suffolk Resolves

Lexington and Concord

initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war.

Bunker Hill

2 months after Lexington & Concord, a true battle was fought b/t 2 sides. A colonial militia of Massachusetts farmers and British fought over Bunker Hill. British won….

2nd continental congress

Soon after fighting broke out in Mass. , Delegates met for the 2nd cc. New England group argued that colonies should declare independence, while other group argued that they should negotiate.

Declaration of The Causes and Necessities For Taking Up Arms

• called on colonies to provide troops. Washington was comm. in chief and was sent to Boston to lead the militia

• An American navy and marine corps were organized in fall of 1775 for the purpose of attacking British ships

• authorized a force under Benedict Arnold to raid Quebec in order to draw Canada away from British empire

Olive Branch Petition

In July 1775, delegates sent the Olive Branch Petition, pledging loyalty and asked the king to intercede with Parliament to secure peace and protection of colonial rights

King angrily refused

Declaration of Independence

On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution declaring the colonies independent. 5 delegates, including TJ, wrote their grievances against King George 3

British strengths for Revolutionary War

• far greater resources

• 3x the population

• large and well trained army

patriots

Most soldiers were reluctant to leave their region, and most would serve in army and then go back to their homes. As well, they were not that many, i’ll supplied, and not paid well

African Americans

initially Washington rejected the idea of AA’s fighting but when British offered freedom to AA’s who joined the army, Washington followed

exactly 5000 AA’s fought in the army

Tories (loyalists)

• Almost 60,000 American Tories fought next to British soldiers & supplied them w/ arms and food

• The war divided families

American Indians

• At first, Indians tried to stay out of the war

• However, by attacks by colonists prompted many American Indians to support British, who promised to limit colonial settlement

Saratoga

turning point

British forces under Gen Burgoyne had marched from Canada in an effort to join forces marching from west & south

British were forced to surrender

Effect of Saratoga

When French heard about Saratoga, they allied with America to get back at British

This was the reason that Americans won

Yorktown

Last major battle of the war was fought near Yorktown, VA. Cornwallis and army surrendered to Washington and army and they won the war

Treaty of Paris

1) British had to recognize the existence of the US as an independent nation

2) MSY River would be the western boundary of that nation

3) Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada

4)Americans would pay debts owed to merchants and honor loyalist claims

Republican Motherhood

Now that America was created, women had a job to educate their children to be good citizens and teach them abt America