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What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in cellular function?
It provides mechanical support, carries out protein synthesis, and plays a role in intracellular transport.
What is the function of lysosomes?
They contain hydrolytic enzymes important for intracellular digestion, recycling organic materials, and apoptosis.
What are vacuoles responsible for in a plant cell?
They are involved in the storage and release of macromolecules and waste products and aid in retention of water.
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
In the matrix of the mitochondria.
What reactions occur in the thylakoids?
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Where is ATP synthesized for cellular processes?
ATP is synthesized on the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).
What is the function of hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes?
They function to break down macromolecules for intracellular digestion, recycling materials, and apoptosis.
Why is the cristae highly folded?
Increased surface area provides more sites for the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to synthesize ATP.
Where is chlorophyll found in plant cells?
Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
What is the stroma comparable to?
The stroma is comparable to the cytosol of a prokaryote.
Which organelle is responsible for apoptosis?
Lysosomes are responsible for programmed cell death.
How does increased surface area benefit rough ER?
It allows for more locations for ribosomes to bind and more sites for protein synthesis.
Which organelle aids in turgor pressure in plants?
Vacuole aids in turgor pressure by storing water.
What is turgor pressure?
It's the pressure from the central vacuole pushing against the cell wall due to water storage in a hypotonic environment.
Where are photosystems located?
Photosystems are located in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
What is a photosystem?
It is the light-capturing component of the chloroplast responsible for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis.
What process takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
In the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
Where does the light-independent process occur?
The light-independent process, or Calvin cycle, occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
What are the roles of the Rough ER?
Compartmentalization, intracellular transport, mechanical support, and protein synthesis.
What is the function of the double membrane in mitochondria?
It provides compartments for metabolic processes.
Describe apoptosis.
Programmed cell death that involves breaking down cellular components, followed by engulfment by a macrophage.
How are thylakoids organized?
Thylakoids are organized in stacks called grana.
Where is ATP synthesized in plant cells?
ATP is synthesized in both the chloroplast and mitochondria.
What is the function of the electron transport chain?
The ETC generates a protein gradient for ATP synthesis.
What is the significance of the double membrane in mitochondria?
It separates the compartments involved in different metabolic processes.
What are hydrolytic enzymes important for?
They are important for hydrolysis, breaking down macromolecules.
Where does carbon fixation occur?
Carbon fixation occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
What is turgor pressure's effect on plant cells?
It helps maintain the firmness of the plant cell by pushing against the cell wall.
What is synthesized during the light-dependent reactions?
ATP and NADPH are synthesized during the light-dependent reactions.
What is the role of ribosomes on rough ER?
They facilitate the synthesis of proteins that are either secreted or integrated into membranes.
The _____ is the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP.
mitochondria
___ are membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll.
Chloroplasts
The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy is called _____ respiration.
cellular
In the chloroplast, the _____ cycle is where carbon fixation occurs.
Calvin
The structure that maintains the shape of plant cells and provides support is called the _____.
cell wall
During ____-dependent reactions, light energy is captured and converted to chemical energy.
light
The _____ is the watery fluid inside the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle takes place.
stroma
The _____ endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis and has no ribosomes on its surface.
smooth
____ are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
Organelles
Ribosomes can be found freely floating in the _____ or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
cytosol
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