Psychology - Exam 3

Men and women certain of when looking for a partner

Men and women certain of when looking for a partner

Men (Paternity certainty), Women (Investment certainty)

Men and women on average get jealous of in a relationship

Men (Sexual fidelity), Women (Emotional fidelity)

Developmental Psychology examines changes from

Physical, Emotional, Cognitive, and Sociocultural

Secure base

caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security

Haven of safety

having someone to run to in certain situations

John Bowlby Attachment theory

children biologically predisposed to develop attachment with primary caregivers for survival

Secure attachment

Children feel confident in confiding in a responsive person

Anxious Ambivalent attachment

On and off emotional connection to parent, indifferent towards caregiver

Avoidant attachment (insecure)

Indifferent or avoiding toward caregiver

Internal working model

Guides children’s interactions with caregivers

Permissive parents

make few demands, set limits, and use little punishment

Neglectful parents

uninvolved, neither demanding nor responsive

Authoritative parents

demanding but responsive, encourage open discussion and set expectations

Set point

desired level of proximity

Felt security

less about the action but more about how the action is interpreted in the mind

Natural Selection

produces different outcomes when adaptive problems differ between sexes

Natural Selection similarities and differences

Similarities (Kindness, Intelligence, symmetry), Difference (Men:physical attractiveness, Women:Cues to resource acquisition)

Emotion (3 Part Phenomenon)

Psychological arousal, Behavioral expression, and Subjective feeling

Psychological arousal

Bodily functions caused by emotion

Behavioral expression

Actions caused by emotion

Subjective feeling

In the moment awareness

Mood

Long lasting emotional states

Primary emotions

sad, happy, mad, fear, disgust, surprised

James-Lange theory

Increasing physical response enhances emotion, perception of body actions contribute to emotional feeling

Two-factor theory

Emotional experience requires conscious awareness of arousal

Men and women want their partner to be

Kind and Intelligent

Emotions prompt us to do things

Display rules

cultural differences of when and where it's okay to display emotions

Spillover effect

one's emotion affecting people around them

Mobius syndrome

paralysis of the face

Hedonic treadmill

quick adaptation to ups and downs

Effective forecasting

imagining the future, focusing on one aspect

Subjective wellbeing

things that make you happy at first but become regular

Flourishing

finding fulfillment in worthwhile tasks

Cognition

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information

Metacognition

thinking about thinking

Crystallized intelligence

factual knowledge about the world

Fluid intelligence

ability to think on the spot

Analytical intelligence

ability to solve puzzles

Creative intelligence

novel insights, seeing relationships among things

Practical intelligence

ability to cope with the environment

Emotional intelligence

perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions

Grit vs self control

self-control regulates attention, emotion, and behavior; grit is consistency and perseverance

Sternberg triarchic theory

analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

Delay of gratification

will power = self-control, low will power = low self-control

Continuity vs

continuity (learn anything whenever), stages (learn certain things at a certain age)

Nature vs

nature is genes, nurture is how you are raised

Harry Harlow

contact comfort is important in infant development

Mental/chronological

average age children achieve a score

Binet Simon test

calculates mental age compared to chronological age

Flynn effect

general population's absolute scores improve over years

Restricted range

limited variability within a sample or data points

Hereditarian

intelligence influenced by genetics

IQ determined by

(Mental Age * Cognitive age) / 100

Heritability

amount of trait variation accounted for by genetic differences

Environmental approach

intelligence shaped through life experiences

Racial and ethnic differences

average IQ scores differ between groups, reduced with environmental differences

Fixed mindset

predetermined thinking, effort → deficient

Growth mindset

basic abilities developed through hard work, effort → growth

Schooling excerpts

effect on test performance beyond age

Heuristic

allows snap decisions, cognitive shortcuts

Representativeness heuristic

judging based on stereotypes

Framing

representing information and choices in different ways

nudge framing

framing choices in a way that encourages people to making beneficial decisions

general intelligence

are you smart or not? are you capable of completing intellectual tasks

anchor

relying on one piece of information

adjustment

adjusting the anchor to fit your personal beliefs

trail and error

trying to do something once but failing and then trying again through persevering

algorithms

methodical ideas or rules

insight

sudden problems solution

fixation

the inability to see another solution to a problem

mental sets

approaching a problem one particular way, using habits

functional fixedness

tendency to view items in terms of their most typical terms

divergent thinking

expanding the solution to a problem by diverging multiple patterns and concepts