Beyond The Microscope - The hidden diversity of prokaryotes - Bacteria & Archea (Lecture 2)

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Biology 112 Lecture 02

88 Terms

1

What are prokaryotes?

  • Bacteria + Archaea

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2

why do prokaryotes outnumber eukaryotes in species diversity?

their ability to thrive in extreme and diverse environments.

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3

What are key features of Prokaryotes?

What lacks a nucleus and & membrane bound organelles?

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4

Is bacteria or archaea more similar to eukaryotes?

Archaea.

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5

What do prokaryotic cell walls do?

provide structure support and shape.

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6

what do archea cell walls contain?

PSEUDOPEPTIDOGLYCAN

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7

What is a horizontal gene transfer?

movement of genes across organisms

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8

what is the goal of horizontal gene transfer?

uptake of DNA from the environment

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9

what is transduction?

DNA transfer via viruses

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10

what is conjugation? What does it have a role in?

direct transfer between cells via pilli

  • Antibiotic resistance.

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11

What does gene transfer fuel?

GENETIC DIVERSITY & ADAPTABILITY

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12

What are plasmids?

small, circular DNA molecules

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13

What is the function of plasmids?

carry genes for antibiotic resistance

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14

Where do extremophiles thrive in?

extreme conditions

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15

What roles do extremophiles play?

  • in Earth's ecosystems

  • decomposition

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16

What is monophyletic? Examples?

includes all descendants of a common ancestor

  • Bacteria + Archaea

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17

What is paraphyletic?

excludes some descendants

  • Prokaryotes

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18

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19

What is the metabolism of firmicutes?

Chemoheterotrophs

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20

What is the importance of firmicutes?

  • gut microbiota regulate digestion & immunity

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21

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22

What is the metabolism of cyanobacteria?

Photoautotrophs

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23

what is the importance of cyanobacteria?

  • produced the oxygen that transformed Earth's atmosphere

  • important in carbon and nitrogen cycling

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24

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25

what is the metabolism of actinobacteria?

chemoheterotrophs

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26

What is the importance of actinobacteria?

  • decompose organic matter

  • produce antibiotics

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27

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28

What is the metabolism of a spirochaetes?

chemoautotrophs

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29

What is the importance of spirochaetes?

  • some play roles in breaking down organic matter

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30

What are the features of chlamydiae?

aspherical & small

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31

What is the biphasic life cycle of chlamydiae?

  • Elementary bodies

  • reticulate bodies

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32

what is elementary bodies?

infectious, dormant form that invades host cells

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33

What is reticulate bodies?

  • non-infectious, form that replicates inside host cells

  • lack peptidoglycan in cell walls, relying on host cells for nutrients

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34

What is the metabolism of chlamydiae?

chemoheterotrophs

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35

What is the importance of chlamydiae?

significant human pathogens causing diseases like chlamydia

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36

what is the metabolism of proteobacteria?

heterotrophs or chemoautotrophs

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37

what is the importance of proteobacteria?

  • nitrogen fixation

  • sulfur cycling

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38

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47

How do we adapt and survive in extreme enironments?

  • Diverse shapes and sizes

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48

What are the shapes of bacteria?

  • Cocci (spheres)

  • Bacili (rods)

  • spirilla (spirals)

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49

What is a flagella?

  • Unique structure for movement

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50

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

  • Oxygen

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51

What is th efinal electron acceptor is anaerobic respiration?

  • Nitrate

  • sulfate

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52

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53

what allowed aerobic respiration?

oxygenic photosynthesis

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54

What do autotrophs use?

  • Co2 or CH4 to build organic molecules

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55

What do heterotrophs use?

organic molecules from other organisms

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56

What do photoautotrophs use?

  • Light

  • CO2

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57

What do photoheterotrophs use?

  • light

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58

What do chemoheterotrophs do?

ā€” break down organic molecules for carbon & energy

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59

what do chemoautotrophs do?

use inorganic molecules for energy,

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60

what do enzymes secreted outside the cells digest?

complex molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides

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61

What do nitorgen fixing bacteria convert

  • Atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

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62

What are biofilms?

communities of prokaryotes in a slimy extracellular matrix

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63

What do biofilms provide?

resistance to antibiotics & harsh environments

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64

How are endospores formed?

  • By bacteria like bacillus under harsh conditions

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65

How do endospores look? What are they resistant to? wHEN DO THEY GERMINATE?

  • THICK-WALLED STRUCTURES

  • to heat, desiccation & chemicals

  • germinate when conditions improve

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66

What is symbosis?

close ecological relationships with other organisms

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67

What is mutulism?

  • a relationship that benefits the organisms involved.

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68

What is parasitism? Example?

  • relationship that benefits one organism but harms the other.

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69

What is human microbiome?

bacteria & archaea that inhabit the body

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70

what are the functions of human microbiome?

  • digestion

  • immune system support

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71

What are probiotics?

live bacterial supplements that support gut health

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72

What do pathogenic bacteria do?

cause diseases such as tb + Lyme disease

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73

What is mechanisms of virculence?

toxins + antibiotic resistance

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74

How is antibiotic resistance accelerated?

misuse in medicine.

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75

What is bioremidation? What is an example?

using bacteria to degrade pollutants

e.g.ā€” oil spill cleanup

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76

What are enrichment cultures?

growing bacteria under specific conditions to study their behaviour

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77

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78

what does gram staining differentiate?

gram pos and gram neg

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79

what is gram pos?

  • thick peptidoglycan purple bacteria

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80

what is gram neg

thin peptidoglycan pink bacteria

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81

what is the importance of gram staining?

  • identifies bacterial types and predicts antibiotic susceptibility

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82

what does antibiotic sensitivity do?

measure zones of inhibition on agar plates

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WHAT DO LARGER ZONES of inhibiton mean?

higher bacterial sensitivity

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84

importance of zone inhibition?

helps combat antibiotic resistance by identifying effective treatments

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85

what are the antibiotic resistance mechanisms?

  • enzyme production,

  • efflux pumps

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86

How does antibiotic resistace spread?

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

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87

Prokaryotes in food?

  • lactic acid bacteria convert milk to yogurt & cheese

  • fermentation

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88

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