International Relations Final Exam

First Generation Human Rights

Rights that individuals have simply because they are human beings and that are not to be violated by governments

Second Generation Human Rights

Material and Economic rights that apply society wide, such as the rights to education, employment, shelter, health care, and so on.

Third Generation Human Rights

Rights needed to protect unpopular or minority groups from the oppression of the majority

Honor Killings

the murder of girls or women by their male family members for violating socially acceptable sexually based roles

Female Genital Mutilation

The cutting away the external part of the genitalia based on the belief that by reducing sexual pleasure women will remain more faithful to their spouse.

Cultural Relativism

The idea that human rights are not truly universal and that different cultures have different systems of rights.

Responsibility to Protect

The norm that states have a responsibility to protect their citizens from avoidable harm. If they can’t the international community has a responsibility to intervene.

War Crimes

Excessive Brutality in war, in violation of international treaties or conventions

Crimes Against Humanity

Acts of war against a civilian population; these can include crimes like: Enslavement, deportation, murder, torture, and rape.

Human Security

An emphasis on the security of people, not territory. It includes economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security for the people.

Civil Society Groups

NGOs that promote democracy and Human rights on a global basis.

Restorative Justice

A justice that seeks to repair the damage done to victims, to allow the victims a voice in the resolution of their grievances, and where possible to reintegrate both victims and the offenders into a more just society.

Populist Revolutions

Grassroots revolts typically against the repressive governments, dominated by mass turnouts of the people.

Femicide

Killing women and girls because of their gender

International Criminal Court

An international court in the Netherlands that tries individuals accused of War crimes. crimes against humanity, genocide, and aggression.

UN Women

The UN organization working for gender equality

UN Human Rights Council

the body created by the UN General Assembly in 2006 to replace the UN Human rights Commission

International Civil Society

An international system based on the norms of Democracy and Human rights

Tragedy of the Commons

The idea that no one state is held responsible for things held in common- so called collective goods like the air and water so their protection goes undressed.

Collective Goods

Things that benefit all concerned - whether or not they participate in their protection and maintenance- and are not owned by any one state actor.

Deforestation

The destruction of forests at a rate faster than they can be replaced or replenished.

Greenhouse Gases

Those gases that trap the Sun’s heat and hold it close to the Earth’s surface; they include carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor

Desertification

The creation of new, or enlargement of existing deserts

Arable Land

Land capable of sustaining agriculture

Global Climate Change

Marked changes in the warming and cooling of the Planet’s temperatures, thought to be accelerated by human activity such as industrialization and fossil fuel emissions.

GMOs

Those organisms whose genetic makeup is intentionally altered to produce some advantage

Carbon Footprint

The amount of carbon dioxide we generate through our daily activities

Global Environmental Facility

the UN entity created to collect and distribute the financial resources needed to combat global climate change

Kyoto Protocol

Imposed mandatory reductions in fossil fuel emissions for 37 developed countries and the European Community.

Sustainable Development

Promoting economic growth without degrading environment or depleting it’s nonrenewable resources

Transnational Advocacy Networks

Networks defined by reciprocal, voluntary actions across national borders that must include non-state actors, may include states or international organizations, and represent a recurring, cooperative partnership with differentiated roles among the composing parts.

Zionism

The movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Norms Life Cycle

the idea that TANs are successful when they create new norms, create a norms cascade forcing governments to act on those new norms, to the point where they get internalized, become routine, and largely unquestioned

Policy Entrepreneurs

Individuals committed to innovative policy change and who voluntarily work to achieve such changes

Boomerang Model

a model in which internal groups repressed by their own states turn to TANs to put pressure on other states; those states then put pressure on the repressive state from the outside.

Self Oriented TANs

TANs that advocate values that primarily benefit the network members

Other-oriented TANS

TANs that advocate a set of values that primarily benefit others besides themselves

Material based conflict

Comes from realist perspectives-- violence and conflict are situational and wane in the absence of disputes over limited resources

Identity

material competition is not the main issues, all that is required for conflict are distinct group identities; these trigger group favoritism, and in-group/out-group politics and politics and violence

Identity-based explanations for conflict

nationalism and religion 

Nationalism

The perception of a deep comradeship among members of a nation, even in the absence of personal interaction. Sentiments are rooted in group identity, individual psychology, and human needs for attachment, community, security, and group loyalty. 

What are the main Hypotheses for Identity based and material based conflicts?

•Identity based conflicts call for different processes of settlement and are harder to end with compromise

•People who possess a material frame will be more willing to compromise compared to those with nationalist framing; religious frames will be even more difficult to settle vs. Nationalist frames

What are the hypotheses for diversionary theory.

H1: All else being equal, U.S. presidents will be. more likely to initiate conflict abroad when facing declining support among members of their ruling coalition.

H2: All else being equal, Republican presidents will be more likely to initiate conflict abroad when facing declining support among members of their ruling coalition than will Democratic presidents.

What are the hypotheses for a President’s Behavioral Theory.

•Hypothesis 1. Presidents with higher Excitement Seeking trait scores are more likely to use force abroad.

•Hypothesis 2. Presidents with higher Openness to Action trait scores are more likely to use force abroad

•Hypothesis 3. Presidents with lower Deliberation trait scores are more likely to use force abroad.

•Hypothesis 4. Presidents with higher Altruism trait scores are less likely to use force abroad.

What are the Hypotheses relating to Presidential-Congressional Relations and Use of Force.

•H1: Presidents are more likely to initiate international disputes in response to low public approval when Congress is unsupportive of presidential policies 

•H2: Presidents are more likely to initiate international disputes in response to low public approval as their partisan support in Congress decreases 

•H3: Presidents are more likely to initiate international disputes in response to low public approval as their legislative support in congress decreases

Selectorate theory

Assumes that the survival of the winning coalition is directly connected to the survival of the incumbent 

What are the two flaws of Selectorate theory

1. , the coalition can work in its own ways to retain power, constrain the leader, and survive executive change

2. that it assumes that payoffs and costs from warfare are public goods- but there can be other payoffs like personal glory

Ex ante

are constraints that prevent leaders from initiating policies at all—but even in democracies these can be circumvented (eg. Short-term military activity)

Ex post

hold leaders accountable after an unpopular or risky policy choice ---- many scholars focus on these types of constraints 

What are the Hypotheses of Selectorate

H1: Civilian non-persaonlist machines are no more likely to initiate conflicts than democracies ---- party based regimes will encourage greater caution ---fate after tenure/party strength

H2: military juntas are more likely to initiate military conflicts than machines and democracies --- tend to be more supportive of use of force versus other audiences

H3: personalist regimes (bosses and strongmen) are more likely to initiate conflict than machines and democracies

What best describes “security”.

The pursuit of freedom from threat.

What partially explains US hegemony since 1945?

The US was the only major power not devastated from WWII.

What is an example of “hard power”?

Military Technology

After the Cold War, the balance of power in the international system became…

Unipolar

What is the security dilemma in international relations.

Actions that states take to make them more secure often make them less secure.

Which of the following established the modern state system?

Th treaties of Westphalia

What best describes interstate war?

Armed conflict between competing factions within a country.

What describes a civil war?

Warfare where both civilian and non-civilian targets are emphasized, using a wide array of weaponry.

Since WWII, what has been the most common form of major conflict around the world?

Civil war

What is a system level explanation for conflict and war?

Hegemonic Stability Theory

What is an example of a state level explanation for conflict and war?

Diversionary Theory

What is an example of an individual level explanation for conflict and war?

Personality traits of leaders

How is the power of a military best distinguished from others?

By their technologies (weaponry)

What is meant by territorial integrity.

Other actors should not violate the territory or boundaries of the state.

Paris Agreement (2015)

member countries to work together to limit temp. Increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius- each state is in charge of its own methods

UN's global environmental facility

collects and distributes financial resources – US refusal to endorse mandatory restrictions on fossil fuels (dictate much of the process)

Business TANs

Can be as simple as a network of businesses and the parties that benefit from that business’s activities.

INTERPOL

The International Criminal Police Organization created in 1923 and based in Lyon, France.

Terrorist TANs

These groups do not just use targeted violence to get their way, but indiscriminate violence to influence a wider audience

Economic Security–Oriented TANs

The foundations of sustainable economic development are food and energy security.

Health Security–Oriented TANs

Ensuring the health of mothers and newborns is a priority for a variety of health security TANs, though they take different approaches (typically highly polarized on whether abortion services should be legal).

Environmental Security–Oriented TANs

They may be global or regional in scope and may link environmental activism with other related groups like doctors treating environmentally influenced conditions.

What is localization in the context of the Israel Palestine conflict

the Palestinian's shift toward dealing with its own case and empowering communities using available legal and democratic tools in the Knesset to demand rights

Apartheid

"institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group with the intention of maintaining the regime 

What is the 1st level of Civil Status in Israel

Whites- Israeli Jews will full citizenship rights

What is the 2nd level of Civil Status in Israel

Coloreds- Palestinian Arabs with Israeli citizenship and partial rights

What is the 3rd level of Civil Status in Israel

Blacks- Palestinians in occupied/colonized territories  who lack citizenship; also includes Palestinian refugees denied the right of return 

What is the 4th level of Civil Status in Israel

Grays- non-citizen labor migrants, temporary residents, and asylum seekers 

1st Stage of Colonization (Israel-Palestine)

Late nineteenth century until 1947. Characterized as colonialism of refugees. Jews who came to the land were categorized as refugees or forced migrants because emigration was motivated by political and economic oppression in their home countries

2nd stage of Colonization (Israel-Palestine)

1947-1949 war. Characterized by conflicts between Jewish and Palestinian communities; followed by the rejection of UN resolution 181 (two states with one economic union). Develops into a war between Israel and Arab states (Jordan, Egypt).  ~ 700k Palestinians forced out of the territory captured by Israel, mass destruction of villages 

3rd stage of Colonization (Israel-Palestine)

internal colonization; The state prevented the return of Palestinian refugees and nationalized their lands. Hundreds of new Jewish settlements are formed. Palestinians placed in ghetto-like enclaves

4th stage of Colonization (Israel-Palestine)

1967-1993. Israel engages in physical domination of the West Bank, Sinai, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights. This included the destruction of some Palestinian localities, but Palestinians stand their ground, resist during the First Intifada (1987-1993) which was a popular, mostly non-violent uprising 

5th stage of Colonization (Israel-Palestine)

1993-2015.Showed the slowing down and reversal of some Zionist expansion by a sequence of 4 PMs. But Israel still creates legal mechanisms that support apartheid. For example, the fence created around the West Bank. Justification includes ongoing terror attacks coming out of Gaza. 

6th stage of Colonization (Israel-Palestine)

2015-???? Rise of the 4th Netanyahu government that aims to correct backlash faced after withdrawal movements during previous PMs' time in office. We see the construction of several dozen new Jewish residential outposts in the West Bank