Milady Chapter 2 Anatomy and Physiology

Abduction

muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abduction separates the fingers.

absorption

The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.

accessory nerve

also known as the 11th cranial nerve; a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles

adduction

muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adduction draw the fingers together

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

adipose tissue

A specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.

adrenal glands

glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones

anatomy

the study of human body structure, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts

aorta

The body's largest artery. The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

arteries

Thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body

arterioles

Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

auricularis muscles

the 3 muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward

auriculotemporal nerve

Affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.

autonomic nervous system

Abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart

belly

The middle part of the muscle

biceps

Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.

blood

Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, veins, arteries and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

blood vessels

tubelike structures that carry blood to and from the heart and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

body systems

Groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems

brain

Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity

brain stem

structure that connects the brain and spinal cord

buccal nerve

Affects the muscles of the mouth.

Buccinator

Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips (like blowing a whistle)

capillaries

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials

cardiovascular system

The body system that consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body

carpus

Also known as wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments

cell membrane

part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell

cells

basic unit of all living things; capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life

central nervous system

Abbreviated CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.

cervical nerves

(branches of the facial nerve) affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle

Cervical cutaneous nerve

Located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.

cervical vertebrae

the 7 bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region

circulatory system

Also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

clavicle

Also known as collarbone; the bone that joins the sternum and scapula

common cartoid arteries

Arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck, having an internal and external branch

connective tissue

fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage and tendons. (example of connective tissues: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph and fat

corrugator muscle

Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

cranium

Oval, bony case that protects the brain.

defecation

elimination of feces from the body

deltoid

Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

the blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell.

depressor anguli oris

Also known as triangularis muscle; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.

Diaphragm

Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.

Digestion

Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means

digestive enzymes

Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body

digestive system

Also known as gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs.

digital nerve

Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers.

digits

also known as phalanges; bones in the fingers, 3 in each finger and 2 in each thumb, totaling 14 bones

ductless glands

Also called endocrine glands; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Eleventh cranial nerve (accessory nerve)

A motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles

endocrine glands

also known as ductless glands; release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influences the welfare of the entire body

endocrine system

Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.

enzymes

group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalysts in specific chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion

epicranial aponeurosis

a tendon that connects the Occipitalis and the Frontalis

Epicranius

Also known as occipitofrontalis; the broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.

epithelial tissue

Protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and glands.

ethmoid bone

Light spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities.

excretory system

Group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs that purify the body by the elimination of waste matter

Exhalation

Breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs.

exocrine glands

Also known as duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts; sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.

extension

when muscles straighten. Ex: when the wrist, hand, and fingers form a straight line

external jugular vein

Vein located at the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck.

facial nerve

the chief motor nerve of the face. Emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck

fifth cranial nerve

Also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve; the chief sensory nerve of the face that serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. Has 3 branches

flexion

when muscles move to pull the body part toward the core of the body, such as when the biceps of the arm are activated toward the body

frontal bone

bone that forms the forehead

frontalis

Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.

gastrointestinal system

responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste, also called the digestive system

glabella

the corregator and procerus muscles; considered an area or region such as between eyebrows, and/or on the frontal bone. Not specifically a muscle or a bone

glands

an organ that contributes to keeping the body in homeostasis by producing chemicals, including hormones, that are passed directly into the bloodstream because the glands have no duct system to travel through

greater auricular nerve

Located at the side of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland.

Greater occipital nerve

Located in the back of the head; affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head.

heart

Muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.

histology

Also known as microscopic anatomy, the study of the structure and composition of tissue

hormones

secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline and estrogen

humerus

Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.

hyoid bone

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles.

infraorbital nerve

Affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.

Infratrochlear nerve

affects the membrane and skin of the nose

Ingestion

Eating or taking food into the body.

Inhalation

Breathing in through the nose or mouth; oxygen is absorbed by the blood.

Insertion

point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a boneor other more movable body part

integumentary system

The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.

internal jugular vein

Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck.

interstitial fluid

solution that bathes and surrounds the cells and provides the cells with nutrients and a method of removing cell waste; fluid contains components that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing

joint

Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.

Kidneys

One of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products.

lacrimal bones

smallest, most fragile, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the orbits (eye sockets)

latissimus dorsi

Large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back.

lesser occipital nerve

also known as smaller occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear

levator anguli oris

a muscle associated with smiling

levator palpebrae superioris muscle

thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application

levator labii superioris

muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. Sometimes called the quadratus labii superioris

liver

gland in the abdominal cavity that secretes enzymes necessary for digestion, synthesizes proteins and detoxifies the blood. Regulates sugar levels in the blood and helps with decomposition of red blood cells and produces hormones necessary for body functions

lungs

Main organs of the respiratory system. 2 of them, located on either side of the heart, take oxygen from the environment and transfer it to the bloodstream. They also exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide during a breath

lymph

a liquid composed of changing components in the interstitial fluid as the fluid is circulating throughout the body, dispersing white blood cells and cell nutrients, such as sugars, fats and salts, as well as absorbing toxins and waste

lymph node

gland-like structure found inside lymphatic vessels; filters the lymphatic and helps fight infection

Lymphatic/Immune System

Vital to the circulatory and to the immune system made of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system; the lymphatic and immune system are closely connected in that the protect the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms.

Mandible

Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face.

mandibular nerve

affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip