BIOOOOOO 2 (KILL ME NOW)

French naturalist who provided evidence of evolution and proposed various causes

George-Louis Leclerc

Binomial Nomenclature and classification

Species, Genus, Family, order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom

British physician and naturalist who formulate one of the first theories on evolution in zoonomia

Erasmus Darwin

French zoologist who established the sciences of comparative anatomy and paleontology

Georges Cuvier

Developed the concept of uniformitarianism

Charles Lyell & James Hutton

French biologist best know for his idea of Lamarckism or that acquired characteristics are inheritable

Jean Baptiste Lamar

explains that the environment can produce physical changes in an organism during its lifetime which can be inherited in the next gen

Lamarckism

proposed that the size of human population is limited by available resources that can support it

Thomas Malthus

English naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies

Charles Darwin

Book of Charles Darwin

On the Origin of species

name of Darwin’s voyage

Voyage of the beagle

Where did Darwin originate his observations

Galápagos Islands

Darwin received manuscripts form British naturalist…, both their papers were presented at the linen society of London

Alfred Wallace

TRUE OR FALSE: populations evolve not individuals

TRUE

It is the change in frequency of a gene in a population

evolution

It is the evolutionary change within populations

microevolutions

5 forces that causes shifts in a gene frequency

Natural selection

Mutation

Gene flow

Genetic drift

Non random mating

EVOLUTION WHERE INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE BETTER ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT ARE MORE LIEKLY TO REPRODUCE AND GENETIC DIFFERENCES ARE HERITABLE

NATURAL SELECTION

TYPE OF SELECTION THAT EXTREME PHENOTYPES ARE FAVORED AND THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION CURVE SHIFT IN THAT DIRECTION

DIRECTIONAL SELECTION

TYPE OF SELECTION WHERE 2 OR MORE EXTREME PHENOTYPES ARE FAVORED OVER ANY INTERMIDIATE PHENOTYPE

DISRUPTIVE SELECTION

TYPE OF SELECTION WHERE INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPE IS FAVORED

STABILIZING SELECTION

SELECTION THAT REFERS TO ADAPTIVE CHANGES IN MALES AND FEMALES THA LEAD TO AN INCREASED ABILITY TO SECURE A MATE

SEXUAL SELECTION

SELECTION WHERE MEMBERS OF ONE SEX COMPETE AMONGST THEMSELVES FOR ACESS TO OPPOSITE SEX

INTRASEXUAL SELECTION

RANDOM CHANGE IN DNA SEQUENCE WHICH CAN SERVE AS A SOURCE OF NEW GENETIC VARIATION

MUTATION

MOVEMENT OF ALLELES BETWEEN POPULATIONS (MIGRATION)

GENE FLOW

CHANGES IN THE ALLELE FREQUENCIES OF A GENE POOL DUE TO CHANCE EVENTS

GENETIC DRIFT

TYPE OF GENE DRIFT WHICH THE LOSS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IS DUE TO NATURAL DISASTERS

BOTTLENECK EFFECT

TYPE OF GENE DRIFT WHERE GENETIC VARIATION. IS LOST WHEN A FEW INDIVIDUALS BREAK AWAY FROM LARGE POPULATION TO FIND NEW POPULATION

FOUNDER EFFECT

ASSORTATIVE MATING OCCURS WHEN SIMILAR TYPE OF INDIVIDUALS MATE MORE FREQUENTLY WITH EACH OTHER THAN WITH A DISSIMILAR TYPE

NON RANDOM MATING

WHAT DID DARWIN DEFINED EVOLUTION AS

DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

PATTERNS AND PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WIRH EVOLUTIONARY CHNAGE AT AND ABOVE THE SPECIES LEVEL

MACROEVOLUTION

WHO DEFINED BIOLOGICAL SPECIES AS POPULATION OR GROUP OF POPULATION WHOSE MEMBERS CAN INTERBREED AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRINGS

ERNST MAYR

IT IS THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES, IT OCCURS WHEN SOME MEMBERS OF A POPULATION CAN NO LONGER SUCCESSFULLY INTERBREED WITH THE REST OF THE GROUP

SPECIATION

DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

PARALLEL EVOLUTION

COEVOLUTION

CAUSED BY CHNAGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT OR MIGRATION TO NEW AREAS

DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT SPECIES BECOME MORE SIMILAR IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (WHEN DIFF. SPECIES LIVE IN SIMILAR ENVIRONMENT)

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

TWO SPECIES DESCENDED FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR

PARALLEL EVOLUTION

ONE SPECIES CHANGES, THEN OTHER WILL ALSO CHANGE IN RESPONSE SO THAT RELATIONSHIP CAN CONTINUE

COEVOLUTION

OCCURS BEFORE FORMATION OF ZYGOTE, PREVENTS REPRODUCTIVE ATTEMPTS

PRE-ZYGOTIC ISOLATION

WHEN 2 SPECIES OCCUPY DIFFERENT HABITATS EVEN WITHIN SAME GEOGRAPHIC RANGE

HABITAT ISOLATION

2 SPECIES CAN LIVE IN THE SAME LOCALE BUT ID THEY REPRODUCE AT DIFF TIMES OF YEAR, THEY DONT ATTEMPT TO MATE

TEMPORAL ISOLATION

COURTSHIP PATTERNS TAHT ATTRACT MATES AND OTHER BEHAVIORS UNIQUE TO A SPECIES

BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION

WHEN ANIMAL GENITALIA OR PLANT FLORAL STRUCTURES ARE INCOMPATIBLE, REPRODUCTION CANNOT OCCUR

MECHANICAL ISOLATION

EVEN IF GAMETES OF 2 DIFF SPECIES MEET, THEY MAY NOT FUSE T BECOME A ZYGOTE

GAMITIC ISOLATION

OCCURS AFTER FORMATION OF ZYGOTE, PREVENTS HYBRID OFFSPRINGS FROM DEVELOPING

POST ZYGOTIC ISOLATION

GENES OF DIFFERENT PARTNER SPECIES MAY INTERACT IN WAYS THAT IMPAIR THE HYBRID’S DEVELOPMENT OR SURVIVAL IN ITS ENVIRONMENT

HYBRID INVIABILITY

HYBRID ZYGOTE MAY DEVELOP INTO A STERILE ADULT. (LIGERS AND MULES)

HYBRID STERILITY

SOME FIRST GENERATION HYBRIDS CAN REPORDUCE BUT WHEN THEY MATE WITH ONE ANOTHER OT WITH OTHER, OFFSPRINGS OF NEXT GENERATION WILL BE FEEBLE AND CANT REPRODUCE

HYBRID BREAKDOWN

NEW SPECIES FORM WHEN A GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIER PHYSICALLY SEPARATES A POPULATION INTO 2 GROUPS THAT CANNOT INTERBREED

ALLOPATIC SPECIATION

OCCURS WHEN 2 POPULATIONS LIVE IN NEIGHBORING AREAS BUT SHARE A BORDER ZONE

PARAPATIC SPECIATION

POPULATION DEVELOPS INTO 2 OR MORE REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED GROUPS WITHOUT GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION

SYMPATIC SPECIATION

FOSSILS THAT BEAR A RESEMBLANCE TO 2 GROUPS THAT IN THE PRESENT ARE CLASSIFIES SEPARATELY

TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS

STRUCTURES WITH SAME SET OF BONES THAT PRESUMABLY EVOLVED FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR. THEY APPEAR DIFFERENT AND MAY HAVE VARIED IN FUNCTION

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE

STRUCTURES THAT PERFORM THE SAME FUNCTION BUT HAVE VERY DIFFERENT EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OR SET OF BONE STRUCTURE

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE

ANATOMICAL FEATURES THAT ARE FULLY DEVELOPED IN 1 GROUP OF ORGANISMS BUT NONFUNCTIONAL IN SIMILAR GROUPS

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

PRINCIPLE THAT IS USED TO COMPARE ALLELE FREQUENCIES IN A GIVEN POPULATION OVER A PERIOD OF TIME

HARDY WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM

5 PRINCIPLES OF HARDY WEINBRG

NO GENE MUTATION

NO MIGRATION

RANDOM MATING IS A MUST

NO GENETIC DRIFT

NO NATURAL SELECTION

2 TYPES OF SYSTEMATICS

PHYLOGENY & TAXONOMY

HE DEVISED A WAY TO ORGANIZE LIFE INTO A HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

CAROLUS LINNAEUS

WHAT IS THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

(Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup)

DOMAIN, KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS AND SPECIES

WHAT IS THE FLAW OF THE HIERARCHY

THE RANKS ARE NOT MEANINGFUL IN AN EVOLUTIONARY CONTEXT

METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION WHEREIN GROUPS OF ORGANISMS ARE DIVIDED INTO 2 CATEGORIES REPEATEDLY

DICHOTOMOUS KEY

INVOLVES IDENTIFICATION, NAMINH AND CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

TAXONOMY

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A SPECIES OR GROUP OF SPECIES

PHYLOGENY

PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM THAT DEFINES GROUPS BY DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN ANCESTRAL AND DERIVED CHARACTERS

CLADISTICS

INHERITED ATTRIBUTES THAT RESEMBLE THOSE OF THE ANCESTOR OF A GROUP

ANCESTRAL CHARACTERS

HAS FEATURES TAHT ARE DIFF FROM THOSE FOUND IN THE GROUPS ANCESTORS

DERIVED CHARACTERS

PARTS OF A CLADOGRAM

ROOT, NODE, OUTGROUP, CLADES

A TREELIKE DIAGRAM BUILT USING SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERS

CLADOGRAM

INCLUDES COMMON ANCESTOR AND ALL OF ITS DESCENDANT SPECIES

CLADE

A SINGLE COMMON ANCESTOR AND ALL OF ITS DESCENDANTS (SINGLE TRIBE)

MONOPHYLETIC

A COMMON ANCESTOR AND SOME OF ITS DESCENDANTS (BESIDE THE TRIBE)

PARAPHYLETIC

A GROUPING WITH NO RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR (MANY TRIBES)

POLYPHYLETIC

IT IS THE UPTAKE OF MOLECULAR O2 FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND DISCHARGE IF CO2 TO THE ENVIRONMENT

GAS EXCHANGE

GAS EXCHANGE BETWWN THE AIR AND BLOOD WITHIN THE LUNGS

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

IS THE AGS EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

PROCESS OF AIR FLOWING INTO THE LUNGS DURING RESPIRATION AND OUR DURING EXPIRATION

VENTILATION

COMPLETE:

AIR ENTERS THROUGH _____ OR _____ . IT FLOWS THROUGH THE ____ (THROAT) AND ____ (VOICE BOX) TO THE _____ THAT BRANCHES INTO 2 _____. ONE TO EACH LUNG

AIR ENTERS THROUGH NOSE OR MOUTH . IT FLOWS THROUGH THE PHARYNX (THROAT) AND LARYNX (VOICE BOX) TO THE TRACHEA THAT BRANCHES INTO 2 BRONCHI. ONE TO EACH LUNG

THEN IN EACH LUNG, IT DELIVERS AIR TO THE _____, WHERE GAS IS EXCHANGED WITH ________________

THEN IN EACH LUNG, IT DELIVERS AIR TO THE ALVEOLI, WHERE GAS IS EXCHANGED WITH PULMONARY CAPILLARIES

THE ________ PUMPS BLOOD TO THE LUNGS. ___________ FROM THE LUNGS ENTER THE HEART AT THE _________ AND IS PUMPED TO THE WHOLE BODY VIA _____________. THEN DEOXYGENATED BLOOD RETURNS TO THE HEART THROUGH ____________

THE RIGHT VENTRICLE PUMPS BLOOD TO THE LUNGS. OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE LUNGS ENTER THE HEART AT THE LEFT ATRIUM AND IS PUMPED TO THE WHOLE BODY VIA LEFT VENTRICLE. THEN DEOXYGENATED BLOOD RETURNS TO THE HEART THROUGH RIGHT ATRIUM

WHAT PART SEPARATES EACH SIDE OF HEART

SEPTUM

WHAT PART RECEIVES BLOOD

ATRIUM

WHAT PART PUMPS BLOOD

VENTRICLES

WHAT APRT KEEPS THE BLOOD MOVING IN THE CORRET DIRECTION

VALVES

WHAT PART MOVES BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART (THICKER WALLS)

ARTERIES

WHAT PART MOVES BLOOD TOWARDS THE HEART

VEINS

TYPE OF BLOOD VESSEL THAT TAKES BLOOD FROM CAPILLARIES AND MERGE TO FORM VEINS (THINNER WALLS)

VENULES

WHAT ARE THE 2 MAJOR CIRCULAR PATHWAYS

PULMONARY CIRCUIT

SYSTEMATIC CIRCUIT

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF AN INSECT____

CIRCULATES HEMOLYMPH

IN ____, BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH A SINGLE CIRCUIT

FISHES

IT IS THE BREAKDOWN OF COMPLEX FOOD TO SIMPLE FORM INSIDE THE CELL

INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

FOOD PARTICLES ARE BROKEN DOWN CHEMICALLY INTO SMALLER COMPONENTS OUTSIDE THE CELL

EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

ALSO CALLED GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY BECAUSE IT DOUBLES AS A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM THAT DISTRIBUTES NUTRIENTS TO THE BODY

INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DIGESTION

MECHANICAL, YOU USE YORU MOUTH WHILE IN CHEMICAL, YOU USE SALIVARY AMYLASE TO BREAK DOWN FOOD

FLAP OF TISSUE THAT COVERS THE GLOTTIS TO PREVENT FOOD ENTERING TRACHEA

EPIGLOTTIS