Nixon, Ford, Carter APUSH VIII

AIM

American Indian Movement, founded in 1968 to address systemic issues affecting Native Americans including poverty, police brutality, and treaty rights

Trail of Broken Treaties

1972 cross-country protest by AIM to draw attention to U.S. government treaty violations and Native American rights

Dennis Banks

Co-founder of AIM and Native American activist

Roe v. Wade

1973 Supreme Court decision legalizing abortion nationwide and strengthening women’s reproductive rights

Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique

1963 book challenging traditional roles of women and sparking the second-wave feminist movement

Wounded Knee Occupation

1973 armed protest by AIM at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, against corruption in tribal leadership and U.S. policy

Title IX

1972 federal law prohibiting sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs

Shirley Chisholm

First African American woman elected to Congress (1968) and first Black woman to run for a major party’s presidential nomination (1972)

Chicano Movement

1960s–1970s civil rights movement advocating for Mexican-American empowerment, labor rights, education, and political representation

Title VII

1964 Civil Rights Act provision prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Harvey Milk

First openly gay elected official in California and advocate for LGBT rights

APA

American Psychiatric Association, removed homosexuality from the DSM in 1973, reducing medical stigma

NFWA

National Farm Workers Association, co-founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta to organize farmworkers and improve conditions

Mendez v. Westminster

1947 court case challenging school segregation for Mexican-American students in California

Dolores Huerta

Co-founder of NFWA and labor organizer advocating for farmworkers’ rights

Cesar Chavez

Labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded NFWA to fight for farmworker rights

Hernandez v. Texas

1954 Supreme Court case recognizing Mexican Americans as a protected class under the 14th Amendment

Richard Nixon

37th U.S. president (1969–1974), known for foreign policy achievements and the Watergate scandal

Watergate scandal

Political scandal involving Nixon’s re-election campaign, illegal break-ins, and cover-ups, leading to Nixon’s resignation

Gerald Ford

38th U.S. president (1974–1977), succeeded Nixon and pardoned him for Watergate

Iranian Hostage Crisis

1979–1981 event in which 52 Americans were held hostage in Tehran after the U.S. embassy was seized

Jimmy Carter

39th U.S. president (1977–1981), dealt with Iranian Hostage Crisis, economic issues, and promoted human rights

Helsinki Accords

1975 agreement between U.S., Soviet Union, and European nations promoting human rights and cooperation

SALT I Talks

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972) between U.S. and Soviet Union limiting nuclear weapons

The Camp David Accords

1978 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel mediated by President Jimmy Carter

Stagflation

Economic phenomenon of high inflation and unemployment combined, affecting public perception of government

U.S. v. Nixon

1974 Supreme Court case ruling that Nixon must release White House tapes, limiting presidential privilege

Nixon Doctrine

1969 U.S. foreign policy stating allies must take primary responsibility for their defense while the U.S. provides support

CREEP

Committee to Re-elect the President, Nixon’s campaign organization involved in the Watergate scandal

The Plumbers

Secret White House unit under Nixon formed to stop leaks and conduct covert operations, involved in Watergate