AP HUG random terms

Ideas spread when people move.

Relocation diffusion

Idea moves because its important to people, but people don't move

Expansion diffusion

Idea spreads with people who are in close contact with each other.

Contagious diffusion

Ideas spread to larger cities then comes back to smaller cities.

Hierarchical diffusion

Idea starts off one place then someone takes the idea and makes it better.

Stimulus diffusion

physical boundary

major physical features that serve as a means of separation

superimposed boundary

boundary that has been forced upon the inhabitants f an area to solve a problem and/or conflict

geometric boundary

straight lines that serve as political boundaries that are unrelated to physical and/or cultural differences

cultural/ethnic or consequent boundary

a political boundary that separates different cultures

language boundary

boundary that operates different speakers

religious boundary

boundary that separates different religions

relict boundary

a boundary that ceases to exist, however the imprint of the boundary still remains on the cultural landscape

fortified boundary

physical barrier constructed by the state to either keep people in or out of their territory

maritime boundary

a boundary that follows a country's coastline 12 miles into the ocean

What are some examples of a physical boundary?

the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe, the Rio Grande River between the Mexico and the U.S., the Sahara Desert

What are some examples of a superimposed boundary?

Indonesia/Papua New Guinea, many African countries by European colonists

What is an example of a geometric boundary?

the United States/Canada border

What are examples of a cultural/ethnic or consequent boundary?

the green line in Cyprus because it separates the Turkish and Greeks, Yugoslavia, the Murdock Ethnic Map of Africa

What are some examples of a language boundary?

European countries such as England, France, Spain, and Portugal; the border between Romance and Germanic languages that runs trough Belgium, France, Switzerland, and Italy

What are some examples of a religious boundary?

Northern Ireland is mostly Protestant and Republic of Ireland is mostly Catholic, Israel/Palestine, Pakistan has a large Muslim population and India has a large Hindu population

What are some examples of a relict boundary?

North/South Vietnam, East and West Berlin/Germany

What are some examples of a fortified boundary?

the Great Wall of China, the US/Mexico border, the Berlin Wall

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; Canada, USA, Mexico; for trade

EU

European Union; France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece; to create a barrier free zone and a common currency

OPEC

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela; to coordinate the petroleum policies

OAS

Organization of American States; Mexico, Panama, Brazil, Chile, Haiti; for regional solidarity

ASEAN

Association of South East Asian Nations; Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore; to accelerate economic growth and social progress

CARICOM

Caribbean Community and Common Market; Bahamas, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname, Saint Lucia; for economics and peace

AU

African Union; Egypt, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Lybia, Nigeria; for development and expansion of growth and unity

WTO

World Trade Organization; US, France, China, Russia, South Africa; operates trade around the world

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Belgium, Canada, Italy, UK, US; a formal alliance between North America and Western Europe

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Demographic Transition Model

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Agricultural Revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

population explosion

a sudden increase or burst in the population in either a certain geographical area or worldwide

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

barridas / barrios / favelas

illegal housing settlements, usually made up of temporary shelters that surround large cities

bid-rent theory / peak land value

the amount of land different land users are prepared to pay for locations at various distances from the city center

blockbustering

the rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging ethnic minorities to move to previously white neighborhoods

CBD - Central Business District

the downtown heart of a central city, marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce and the clustering of the tallest buildings

census tract

small districs used by the US Census Bureau to survey the population

cityscapes

an urban landscape

colonial city

a city founded by colonialism or an indigenous city whose structure was deeply influenced by western culture

commercialization

the transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity

commuter zone

the outermost zone of the concentric zone model that represents people who choose to live in residential surburbia and take a daily commute into the CBD to work

counter-urbanization

a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas

decentralization

the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city

disamenity sector

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.

economic base

the manufacturing and service activities preformed by the basic sector; functions of a city preformed to satisfy demands external to the cirty itself, earning income to support the urban population

-basic sector

those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside of the city itself, earning income for the community

-nonbasic sector

those economic activites of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no "export" implication

edge city

distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower that central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas

emerging cities

a city currently without much population but is increasing in size at a fast rate

entrepot

a trading center, or simply a trading warehouse where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties, often at a profit

ethnic neighborhoods

a neighborhood, typically situated in larger metropolitan cities and constructed by or comprised of local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

female-headed household

a household dominated by a woman

gateway city

a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation

gender

the social difference between men andwomen rather than the anatomical differences that are related to sex

gentrification

trend of mid to high-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architechture and also replacing the low-income population

ghettoization

process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated center of poverty, as rich whites move out to the suburbs

global cities

centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce

great cities

cities with populations over one million

greenbelt

a ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space that limit the sprawl of an urban area

high tech corridors

areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products

hinterland

the sphere of economic influence of a town or city

indigenous city

a center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a place

in-filling

building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development

informal sector

economic activities that take place beyond official record, not subject to formalized systems of regulations or remuneration

infrastructure

the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity

inner city

the central area of a major city; in the US it often applied to the poorer parts of the city center where people are less educated and wealthy where there is more crime

invasion and succession

process by which new immigrants to a city move to dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups

lateral commuting

traveling from one suburb to another and going from home to work

megacities

cities with more than 10 million people

megalopolis

a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)

conurbantion

an agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment

metropolitan statistical area

area with a city of 50 thousand or more people, together with adjacent urban communities that have strong ties to the central city

micropolitan statistical area

an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.

multiplier effect

the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity; in urban geography, the expected addiction of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city's local employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment

planned community

a city, town, or community that was designed from scratch, and grew up more or less following the plan

postindustrial city

a city exhibiting the characteristics of a postindustrial society

postmodern urban landscape

the material character of a postmodern urban area

primate city

a city of large size and dominant power within a country; a country's larges city, ranking atop the urban hierarchy, most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well

racial steering

the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

rank-size rule

in a modern urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

redlining

a practice by banks and mortgage companies of demarcating areas considered to be high risk for housing loans

restrictive covenants

a statement written into a property deed that restrics the use of land in some way

segregation

the separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

site

the physical position in relation to the surroundings

situation

the position determined by non-physical attributes in relation to its surroundings

squatter settlement

residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants

street patterns

the way in which streets are designed

grid- streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion