Nephro exam 1 spring 2026 Top 300

Furosemide brand

Lasix

Furosemide class

Loop diuretic

Furosemide MOA

Furosemide is a loop diuretic that is actively secreted via the nonspecific organic acid transport system into the lumen of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, where it decreases sodium reabsorption by competing for the chloride site on the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter

Furosemide label use

Edema of volume overload related to heart failure, renal failure

Furosemide off label

Ascites due to cirrhosis

Furosemide box warning

Fluid and electrolyte loss

Furosemide Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to furosemide; anuria

Furosemide Pregnancy

Briggs Pregnancy RecommendationHuman data suggest low risk

Briggs Breastfeeding RecommendationLimited human data—probably compatible

Furosemide SA

Hyperuricemia

Furosemide dosage

Tablet, solution

Torsemide brand

Demadex, Soaanz

Torsemide class

Loop diuretic

Torsemide dosage

tablet

Torsemide label use

Edema related to heart failure, renal failure, hepatic cirrhosis

Hypertension

Torsemide off label

none

Torsemide moa

Torsemide is a loop diuretic that is actively secreted via the nonspecific organic acid transport system into the lumen of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, where it decreases sodium reabsorption by competing for the chloride site on the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter.

Torsemide box

None

Torsemide contraindications

Hypersensitivity to torsemide or sulfonylureas, anuria, hepatic coma

Torsemide pregnancy

Briggs Pregnancy RecommendationNo human data—probably compatible

Briggs Breastfeeding RecommendationNo human data—probably compatible

Torsemide SA

None known

Doxazosin brand

Cardura, cardura xl

Doxazosin class

α1-Adrenergic Blocker

Doxazosin dosage

tablet, ER 24hr tablet

Doxazosin label use

BPH

HTN

Doxazosin Off label

Expulsion of distal ureteral stone

Doxazosin moa

Doxazosin selectively blocks postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors, reducing peripheral resistance through arterial and venous dilations. Reflex tachycardia that occurs with other vasodilators is infrequent because there is no presynaptic α2-receptor blockade. Increase urine flow by relaxing smooth muscle tone in the bladder neck and prostate.

Doxazosin box

None

Doxazosin contraindications

Hypersensitivity to doxazosin or other quinazolines

Doxazosin pregnancy

Briggs Pregnancy RecommendationLimited human data—animal data suggest moderate risk

Briggs Breastfeeding RecommendationLimited human data—potential toxicity

Doxazosin SA

Dizziness, fatigue, malaise, vertigo

Tamsulosin brand

Flomax

Tamsulosin class

α1-Adrenergic Blocker

Tamsulosin dosage

Capsule

Tamsulosin label

BPH

Tamsulosin off label

Urinary symptoms caused by ureteral stent

Bladder outlet obstruction symptoms

Ureteral stones, expulsion

Tamsulosin moa

Tamsulosin is closely related to quinazoline derivatives that selectively block postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors. Total peripheral resistance is reduced through arterial and venous dilations. Reflex tachycardia that occurs with other vasodilators is infrequent because there is no presynaptic α2-receptor blockade. The drugs also decrease total cholesterol, increase HDL cholesterol, and may improve glucose tolerance and reduce left ventricular mass during long-term therapy. They increase urine flow in BPH by relaxing smooth muscle tone in the bladder neck and prostate.

Tamsulosin box

none

Tamsulosin contraindications

Hypersensitivity to tamsulosin

Tamsulosin pregnancy

Briggs Pregnancy RecommendationNo human data—animal data suggest low risk

Briggs Breastfeeding RecommendationNo human data—potential toxicity

Tamsulosin SA

Dizziness, headache, abnormal ejaculation, rhinitis, positional hypotension

Terazosin brand

Hytrin, Tezruly

Terazosin class

α1-Adrenergic Blocker

Terazosin dosage

Capsule, solution

Terazosin Label use

BPH

HTN

Terazosin off label

Ureteral calculi

Terazosin moa

Terazosin selectively blocks postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors. Total peripheral resistance is reduced through arterial and venous dilations. Reflex tachycardia that occurs with other vasodilators is infrequent because there is no presynaptic α2-receptor blockade. Increases urine flow in BPH by relaxing smooth muscle tone in the bladder neck and prostate.

Terazosin box

none

Terazosin pregnancy

Briggs Pregnancy RecommendationNo human data—animal data suggest low risk

Briggs Breastfeeding RecommendationNo human data—probably compatible

Terazosin contraindications

Hypersensitivity to terazosin

Terazosin SA

Asthenia, dizziness, fatigue

Tolvaptan

SAMSCA, Jynarque

Tolvaptan class

Vasopressin antagonist

Tolvaptan dosage

tablet, tablet therapy pack

Tolvaptan label use

Hypervolemic or euvolemic hyponatremia(samsca)

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(jynarque)

Tolvaptan off label

none

Tolvaptan moa

Tolvaptan is a selective vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist with an affinity for the V2-receptor that is 1.8 times that of native arginine vasopressin (AVP). When taken orally, tolvaptan antagonizes the effect of vasopressin and causes an increase in urine water excretion that results in an increase in free water clearance, a decrease in urine osmolality, resulting in the restoration of normal serum sodium levels. In polycystic kidney disease, tolvaptan inhibits cyst growth.

Tolvaptan box

Initiate treatment in hospital to monitor serum sodium. Too rapid correction (eg, >12 mEq/24 h) can result in seizures, coma, and death; correct sodium gradually (Samsca); hepatotoxicity; REMS program

Tolvaptan contraindications

Anuria, concurrent use of strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitors, hypovolemic hyponatremia, hypersensitivity, inability to detect or respond to thirst

Tolvaptan pregnancy

Briggs Pregnancy RecommendationNo human data—animal data suggest low risk

Briggs Breastfeeding RecommendationNo human data—potential toxicity

Tolvaptan SA

Increased thirst, nausea, xerostomia, polyuria, fatigue, diarrhea, dizziness

Potassium Chloride brand

Klor-con

Potassium Chloride Class

Electrolyte, Potassium

Potassium Chloride dosage

tablet ER,

capsule ER,

powder for solution,

solution

Potassium Chloride label use

Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia prophylaxis

Potassium Chloride off label

None

Potassium Chloride moa

Potassium is an electrolyte required for maintenance of the excitatory properties of neuromuscular tissues, and the resting membrane potential of cells is related to potassium concentrations, varying directly with the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium level.

Potassium Chloride box

none

Potassium Chloride contraindications

Hypersensitivity to potassium, acute renal failure, structural, pathologic, or pharmacologic causes that delay tablet passage through the GI tract, hyperkalemia, Addison disease, acute dehydration, concurrent potassium sparing diuretics

Potassium Chloride pregnancy

Briggs Pregnancy RecommendationCompatible

Briggs Breastfeeding RecommendationCompatible

Potassium Chloride SA

Nausea, indigestion, flatulence