Bio 122 exam 2

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•The immune system is a complex interaction of several systems in your body:
1.
2.
3.

1. integument
2. blood
3. lymphatic system

What are your first line of defense against infection?

external barriers

what are examples of external barriers?

-skin
-hairs and cilia
- mucous membranes
- gastric juice

DEF: and external barrier that forms a protective outer layer that most viruses and bacteria cannot penetrate

skin

DEF: an external barrier that sweep particles outward until they can be expelled

hairs and cilia

DEF: an external barrier that secrete mucus, a sticky fluid that traps particles

mucous membranes

DEF: an external barrier that kills most of the bacteria you swallow

gastric juice

DEF: a straw coloured liquid that makes up over half of the volume of blood

plasma

DEF: produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue that fight foreign substances

white blood cells

DEF: ingest and destroy foreign substances

phagocytic cells

what are examples of phagocytes?

neutrophils and macrophages

\________________________ are a key part in your immune system

white blood cells

what are the two types of white blood cells?

innate cells and lymphocytes

DEF: type of white blood cell that are premade and ready to attack

innate cells

DEF: type of white blood cell that are produced after contact with a specific invader

lymphocytes

what type of white blood cells are phagocytes?

innate

what type of white blood cells are T cells?

lymphocytes

DEF: first to respond to infection but die quickly

neutrophils

DEF: protect lymph nodes and blood in spleen and liver

macrophages

what do macrophages develop from??

monocytes

macrophages \_________ blood and \_______ tissues

leave
enter

T/F: macrophages do not ingest more than neutrophils

false
macrophages do ingest more than neutrophils

what is a basophil?

white blood cell

what are basophils made in?

red bone marrow

basophils \----- blood and \-------- infected tissue

leave
enter

what can basophils release?

histamine

Where are eosinophils produced?

red bone marrow

What do Eosiniphils release?

chemicals to reduce inflammation

what do lymphocytes develop into?

T cells and B cells

what do lymphocytes produce?

immune response

what do platelets do almost immediately after damage?

form a sticky plug that can seal a minor break

what do molecules of fibrin do after damage?

cross-link to form a clot, which is called a scab

blood clotting in mammals is an example of what kind of feedback?

positive

what does the inflammatory response involve?

chemical and cells due to injury

how is the inflammatory response signaled?

by presence of foreign substance

what does the inflammatory response stimulate?

release of chemical mediators

what kind of response is the inflammatory response?

nonspecific defense

Describe the inflammatory response:

•The cells of a damaged tissue release chemicals (such as histamine) that trigger the inflammatory response.

•Blood vessels weaken,causing swelling.

•White blood cellscalled phagocytesengulf and destroybacteria.

what system can provide protection if an invader enters the body?

the complement system

Proteins of the complement system \___________________________________ of an invading bacterial cell, forming
\_____________.
This causes the bacterial cell to \_____________________________

- assemble of the surface
-a hole
- swell and eventually burst

What happens in the lymphatic cycle?

Invading microbes are swept into lymph nodes, where they are attacked by lymphocytes

when does your lymphatic system kick into high gear?

when your body fights an infection

what is your lymphatic system filled with?

lymph fluid

what does your lymphatic system consist of?

lymph nodes and lymphaitc vessels

which defense mechanism is an immediate and rapid response?

innate

which defense mechanism is a slower response?

adaptive

which defense mechanism consist of physical barriers and inflammation?

innate

which defense mechanism consist of invader recognition?

adaptive

which defense mechanism is a generalized response, nonspecific

innate

which defense mechanism is repeated exposure to molecules that will cause increased responses?

adaptive

Describe the process of recognizing invaders:

•Exposure to an antigen \---\> starts your adaptive defenses.
-B cell activated--\>antibodies (antigen tagging proteins) produced
- tag an invader or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system
- or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by inhibiting a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival).


First, antigens bind to lymphocytes. Then, an activated B cell produces antibodies, proteins that tag antigens

DEF: invading bacteria that elicits an immune response

antigen

what are natural killer cells?

a type of lymphocyte

where are natural killer cells produced?

in red bone marrow

What do natural killer cells do?

recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus infected cells

what do natural killer cells release?

chemicals to lysis cells

DEF: •Once an antigen activates a particular lymphocyte, it multiplies creating army of cells when needed

clonal selection

DEF: lymphocytes that stimulate production of other immune cells

helper t cells

when does your body produce memory cells?

after a primary immune response

what do memory cells do if the same invader is encoutered again?

memory cells instigate a secondary immune response that neutralizes the invader before it causes illness.

stress can \______________ immune response

reduce

what problems can arise when the immune system is too strong?

-allergies
- autoimmune diseases
- organ rejection

How do allergic reactions work?

harmless substance enters the body and b cells make anitbody to it
- those bind to mast cells
on the next exposure, the mast cells release histamine causing a reaction

where are mast cells foubd?

skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract

where are mast cells made?

red bone marrow

what can mast cells release?

leukotrienes

what can an overproduction in mast cells result in?

asthma

what problem arise when the immune system is not strong enough?

-severe combined immunodeficiency
-immunodeficiency diseases

what do lymphatic capillaries and vessels?

carries fluid in one direction from tissues to circulatory system

what do lymphatic capillaries join to form?

lymphatic vessels

what do lymphatic vessels resemble?

small veins with one way valves

where do the lymphatic vessels from right upper limb and right head, neck, and chest empty?

right lymphatic vessel

where do the right lymphatic duct empty?

right subclavian vein

what are the lymphatic organs?

tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

DEF: part of lymphatic organ that forms a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around nasal and oral cavities

tonsils

lymph nodes:

Lymph nodes:
- rounded structures that vary in size
- located near lymphatic vessels
- groin, armpit, neck
- lymph passes through lymph nodes before
entering blood
- lymph moves through and immune system
is activated (lymphocytes produced) if
foreign substances are detected
- removal of microbes by macrophages

Spleen:

- located in abdomen
- filters blood
- detect and respond to foreign substances
- destroy old red blood cells
- blood reservoir
- white pulp: lym. tissue surrounding arteries
- red pulp: contains macrophages and red
blood cells that connect to veins

thymus gland:

- bilobed gland
- located in mediastinum behind the sternum
- stops growing at age 1
- at age 60 decreases in size
- produces and matures lymphocytes

DEF: molecule produced by person's body that stimulates immune system response

self -antigen

DEF: proteins the body produces in response to
antigen

Antibody

Why aren't viruses living?

viruses do not grow or reproduce their on cells

viruses are \____________ \____ in a \________ \___

nucleic acid in a protein coat

DEF: protein shell around virus

capsid

what is the capsid made of?

capsomeres

DEF: protein to bind to host

recognition spike

DEF: the severity of a disease or poison

virulence

DEF: virus that infects bacterium

bacteriophage

once bacterium is infected, in undergoes one of the two life cycles
1.
2.

1. lytic cycle
2. lysogenic cycle

DEF: phage reproductive cycle that ends in death of host cell

lytic cycle

DEF: phage that only reproduces with lytic cycle

virulent

DEF: replicates phage genome, doesnt kill cell

lysogenic cycle

DEF: viral DNA copied in host cell

prophage

what are the classes of viruses?

dsDNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
ssRNA
-serves as mRNA
ssRNA
-template for RNA synthesis
ssRNA
-template for DNA synthesis

what class of virus is herpes virus?
-adenovirus
-papillomavirus
-smallpox
-cowpox
-monkeypox

dsDNA

what class of virus is parvovirus?

ssDNA

what kind of class is rotavirus?

dsRNA

what kind of class is polio virus?

single strand RNA

who developed the first successful polio vaccine?

jonas salk

who developed the oral polio vaccine?

albert sagan