DECAY

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

they are emitting radiation spontaneously to reach a more stable state

DECAY DISINTEGRATION

a fraction or percentage of original number of atoms decaying per unit time

HALF-LIFE

The amount of time taken by the radioactive material (RAM) or radioactive atom to decay to ½ of its original value

HALF-LIFE

The time required for the activity of a sample to decay to one half of its value

EFFECTIVE HALF-LIFE

the half-life of a radioactive isotope in a biologic organism, resulting from the combination of radioactive decay and biologic excretion

PHYSICAL HALF-LIFE

the average time required for the decay of half the atoms in a given amount of a radioactive substance

DECAY DISENTEGRATION, HALF-LIFE, ACTIVITY

THE THREE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIOACTIVE ATOM

ACTIVITY

time rate of decay of RAM

RADIOACTIVE DECAY

the process wherein the unstable atom (parent) spontaneously emits radiation to reach a more stable state (daughter)

PARENT

is the unstable atom or the radioactive atom 

DAUGTHER

is a new atom that is already stable

ALPHA EMISSION

Occurs in heavy nuclides with high atomic  number

ALPHA EMISSION

HAS A CHARGE OF 2, AND A MASS OF 4

ALPHA EMISSION

has low penetrating power and is most harmful internally and less harmful externally.

ISOTOPE

SAME Z, DIFFERENT A AND NEUTRONS

BETA EMISSION

Has two sub modes; the negatron emission and positron emission.

BETA EMISSION

HAS A CHARGE OF -1, AND 0 MASS

0.5mm aluminum

ẞ particle has a moderate energy and it can be stopped by approximately ___ __

Negatron Emission

This occurs when there are too many neutrons.

Negatron Emission

It occurs when a radioactive nuclide with high Neutron and Proton ratio disintegration.

negatively charge high speed electrons

the particle emitted in beta negative is a _ _ _ _ _

electrons

__ are results from the conversion of the excess neutron into proton in order to decrease the n: p (neutron: proton) ratio.

increases

in negatron emission, neutron → proton, so Z ___by 1.

POSITRON EMISSION

It occurs when radioactive nuclide with an excess of Proton disintegrates

POSITRON EMISSION

The particle emitted is positively charged electron which comes from the nucleus

POSITRON EMISSION

This results from the transformation of the excess proton to a neutron

positive

With positron emitter, the parent nucleus gives up ___ charge resulting in a daughter less ___ by one unit of charge.

decrease

In positron emission, the atomic number ___ by one and the mass number remains unchanged.

ISOMERIC TRANSITION

this decay emits gamma (y) rays and only occurs on elements with excited state during emission, there is no change in the number of particles of the excited nucleus

K-Conversion

a removal of an electron within an atom by a y-ray from a nucleus.

K-Conversion

the process by which the gamma emitted during isomeric transition transfer its energy to an orbital electron from an atom.

K-Conversion

during __ ___, x-ray is also emitted, because when an electron from relatively outer orbital replaces the vacant space left behind by the ejected electron, part of its energy which is emitted to the difference in the energy levels involved will be emitted.

CONVERSION ELECTRON

the electron ejected in internal conversion is called as

GAMMA RAYS

are electromagnetic radiation with no mass, no charge and travels at the speed of light, which is 3.0 x 10^8 m/s

K-CAPTURE

- This mode of decay refers to the radioactive decay process whereby nucleus captures an electron from an orbital shell of the atorn.

-An electron from a higher energy level immediately moves into the vacant inner shell and fill the vacant position then the excess energy is emitted as a characteristic x-ray

CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY

produced after the ionization of an inner electron and occurs during the filling up of vacancy of electron within an atom

results from the transition of an outer orbital electron to an inner orbital shell

near

it is called K-CAPTURE bcuz orbital electron is __ to the nucleus which emits energy than the other orbital electron higher

x-ray

K-capture is always accompanied by the emission of an

Positron

Like __ emission, K-capture can be expected to occur in nuclides having a low n:p ratio.

AUGER PROCESS

Defined as the removal of electron by a characteristic x-ray within an atom