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Akbar

1542-1605 The third Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1556-1605 and was known for his religious tolerance.

Aurangzeb

1618-1707 The sixth Mughal emperor, who ruled for forty-nine years over almost all of the Indian subcontinent.

Babur

1483-1530 Central Asian descendent of Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane who founded the Mughal dynasty in northern India in 1526.

Battle of Childiran

!514 - Battle between the Ottomans and the Safavids. The Ottomans had a technological advantage and temporarily took over Tabriz.

Devshirme

Ottoman requirement that the Christians in the Balkans provide young boys to be slaves of the sultan

Dhimmi (dihm-mee)

Islamic concept of a protected people that was symbolic of Islamic toleration during the Mughal and Ottoman Empires

Fatehpur Sikri

city planned and build by Akbar, Mughal capital from 1569-1585, buildings had Indian elements and housing for ruler

Ghazi (GAH-zee)

Islamic religious warrior

Isfahan

Capital city of the Safavid Empire (modern Iran), founded by Shah Abbas in the early 17th century.

Ismail

Reigned 1501-1524. Founder of the Safavid dynasty in modern Iran.

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

Jahangir

Akbar's son and ruler of India; left the state affairs to his wife

Janissaries

Highly respected, elite infantry units of the Ottoman Empire, who formed the first modern standing army in Europe.

jizya (JIHZ-yuh)

Tax in Islamic empires that was imposed on non-Muslims

kanun

Laws issued by the Ottoman Süleyman the Magnificent, also known as Süleyman Kanuni, "the Lawgiver."

Mehmed the Conqueror

Nickname of Mehmed II, an Ottoman Emperor responsible for leading the Fall of Constantinople.

millet

an administrative unit in the Ottoman Empire used to organize religious groups.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Mumtaz Mahal

Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal

Osman Bey

Founded the Ottoman Empire in 1289. He also led the ghazi.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Qizlibash (gih-ZIHL-bahsh)

Term meaning "red heads," Turkish tribes that were important allies of Shah Ismail in the formation of the Safavid Empire.

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Shah Abbas the Great

1571-1629 C.E. Fifth Safavid Shah of Iran who is generally considered the strongest of the Safavid rulers.

Shah Jahan

1592-1666 Fifth Mughal emperor who commissioned the building of the Taj Mahal for his wife, Mumtaz.

Shaykh Salim Chishti

famed as one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India, built during the years 1580 and 1581

Shiism

Minority sect of Islam that differs with Sunnism over the proper descendants of the prophet Muhammad

Sinan Pasha

"Sinan the Great" (1506-3 April 1596) was an Ottoman grand vizier, Ottoman military figure, and statesman

Sufis (SOO-fees)

Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules.

Suleyman the Magnificent

Ottoman Turkish ruler reigned 1520-1566, who was the most powerful and wealthy ruler of the 16th century

Suleymaniye

Famous Ottoman mosque. Obelisks/minarettes. Built 1550's during reign of Suleyman, who also built resthouses, schools, gardens, and coffee houses. Designed by Sinam.

Sunni

"Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendant of Ali can lead.

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

Topkapi Palace

Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, it was located in Istanbul.

Twelver Shiism

Branch of Islam that stressed that there were twelve perfect religious leaders after Muhammad and that the twelfth went into hiding and would return someday; Shah Ismail spread this variety through the Safavid empire.

Wahhabi Movement

A group which denounced the Ottomans as dangerous religious innovators who were unfit to rule. They rejected the construction of an astronomical observatory and forced the closure of the Ottoman printing press, which they regarded as impious technology.