HIST 1016: 0003, War and Peace in Africa -- Mid-Term Exam

Afonso I

1526-1542; King of Kongo who wrote letters to Portugal protesting the slave trade; shows African agency and diplomacy in trying to protect his kingdom from exploitation.

Berlin Conference

1884-1885; European powers divided Africa into colonies without African consent; formalized colonial rule and ignored African sovereignty.

Chimurenga

First Chimurenga 1896-1897; Shona uprising against British colonization in Zimbabwe including spiritual and military resistance; early anti-colonial resistance showing role of leaders and ordinary people.

Domingos Alvares

1700s-early 1800s, Brazil; African healer enslaved in Brazil; preserved African healing and spiritual traditions; example of African cultural survival and influence in the diaspora.

Industrial Revolution

18th-19th centuries (~1760-1840); technological and economic shift in Europe; increased European demand for materials and labor, fueled global trade and colonial expansion.

Maji Maji Rebellion

1905-1907; Tanzanian revolt against German colonial rule; sacred water believed to protect fighters; example of collective African resistance against colonialism.

Mfecane

1815-1840; period of wars, migrations, and state-building in southern Africa; rise of the Zulu kingdom; shows African state formation and social transformation before European colonization.

Ndansi Khumalo

1893-1897; witness to First Chimurenga in Zimbabwe; described European settler abuses; primary source showing local resistance and adaptation under colonial rule.

Nehanda (Mbuya Nehanda)

c.1840-1898; Shona spirit medium and First Chimurenga leader; inspired resistance and became a symbol of nationalism and anti-colonial struggle.

The Pioneers and Pioneer Column

1890-1891; British settlers/military occupying Mashonaland; established colonial presence, triggered local resistance and land dispossession.

Mfecane Chronology

Early 19th century (~1815-1840); major social and political transformation in southern Africa; involved wars, migrations, and rise of centralized states.

Atlantic Slave Trade

16th-19th centuries; mass forced transport of Africans to the Americas; reshaped populations, economies, and societies across the Atlantic world.

First Chimurenga

1896-1897; Shona rebellion in Zimbabwe; example of African resistance involving ordinary people, leaders, and spiritual figures.

Industrial Revolution Chronology

18th-19th century (~1760-1840); period of technological innovation in Europe that influenced global trade and colonial expansion.

Maji Maji War Chronology

1905-1907; rebellion in German East Africa; demonstrates African resistance and the deadly consequences of colonial suppression.

Indirect Rule

Colonial system using local leaders to enforce European authority; allowed European powers to control large areas with fewer personnel.

State Building

Formation or strengthening of centralized political authority in Africa; example: Zulu kingdom under Shaka during Mfecane.

Resistance

African efforts to oppose slavery, colonial rule, or cultural suppression; examples include Chimurenga, Maji Maji, and Domingos Alvares preserving culture.

Genocide

Systematic destruction of a group; Germany's suppression of Maji Maji may meet this definition under international law.