Off. Modern States Sociology Clep

The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist:

(A) Émile Durkheim

(B) Auguste Comte correct

(C) Max Weber

(D) Harriet Martineau

(E) George Herbert Mead

Comte

In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that

(A) is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information

(B) has high public visibility in the community

(C) requires training from a specialized school rather than from a university

(D) serves government and industry as well as individuals

(E) is a full-time position with a regular salary

A.

Within the scientific perspective, which of the following are the most important sources of knowledge?

(A) Common sense and tradition

(B) Empiricism and reason

(C) Authority and structure

(D) Paradigms and intuition

(E) Existentialism and reference groups

Empiricism and reason

Which of the following terms refers to a philosophical system under which knowledge of the world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation in search of universal laws?

(A) Theology

(B) Determinism

(C) Positivism

(D) Phenomenology

(E) Metaphysics

Positivism

Which social scientist first proposed applying the scientific method to the social world, a practice known as positivism?

(A) Maximilien Robespierre

(B) Auguste Comte

(C) Emile Durkheim

(D) Herbert Spencer

(E) minimization

Comte

What is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work?

(A) a theory

(B) a concept

(C) a correlation

(D) an operational definition

(E) a method

a theory

The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a

(A) manifest function of desegregation

(B) latent dysfunction of desegregation

(C) functional alternative to desegregation

(D) secondary function of desegregation

(E) rational exchange for desegregation

B

How would Robert Merton describe the intended beneficial consequences of Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal program that raised the standard of living for millions of Americans in the 1930s?

(A) They would be classified as latent functions.

(B) They would be classified as manifest dysfunctions.

(C) They would be classified as manifest functions.

(D) They would be classified as latent dysfunctions.

(E) None of the above

C

Which of the following terms refers to something that has an unexpected detrimental effect on social institutions or society?

(A) Secret function

(B) Manifest function

(C) Manifest dysfunction

(D) Latent function

(E) Latent dysfunction

E

Which of the following theorists is most associated with structural-functionalism?

(A) Karl Marx

(B) Max Weber

(C) Randall Collins

(D) Herbert Blumer

(E) Émile Durkheim

E

Which theoretical perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?

(A) symbolic interactionism

(B) functional analysis

(C) conflict theory

(D) the neo-conflict perspective

(E) labeling theory

B

The claim that the division of labor based on gender has survived because it is beneficial and efficient for human living is an example of

(A) structural functionalist

(B) conflict theory

(C) ethnomethodology

(D) symbolic interactionism

(E) phenomenology

A.

Which of the following theorists argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?

(A) C. Wright Mills

(B) Karl Marx

(C) Robert Park

(D) Max Weber

(E) Karl Mannheim

B.

Some sociologists view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice because it is the basis for transferring power, property, and privilege from one generation to the next. Which of the following perspectives best describes that view?

(A) Interactionist

(B) Exchange

(C) Structural functionalist

(D) Conflict

(E) Rational choice

D

Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?

(A) symbolic interactionism

(B) structural functionalism

(C) functional analysis

(D) conflict theory

(E) pseudo-latent theory

D

Which of the following approaches to stratification is most likely to suggest that, as a society becomes more stratified, it prevents the talents of those at the bottom from being known or used and thus potentially fails to benefit from the contributions of all its members?

(A) Interactionist

(B) Conflict

(C) Postmodernist

(D) Demographic

(E) Structural functionalist

B

What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?

(A) It measures how society uses sanctions to control behavior.

(B) It states that behavior is controlled by factors beyond one s control.

(C) It analyzes how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others.

(D) It is based on the premise that a history of man is a history of class conflict.

(E) all of the above

C.

Which of the following is true of a random sample?

(A) It provides every member of the population with an equal chance of being selected.

(B) It is biased, and therefore cannot be used to make generalizations about a population.

(C) It is mostly used when the research assumes multiple causation.

(D) It is mostly used in qualitative research.

(E) It is a census list of all households.

A

Which of the following best describes the relationship between q and z on the scattergram above? q \ z

(A) A perfect positive correlation

(B) A perfect negative correlation

(C) A perfect curvilinear correlati

(D) A low negative correlati

(E) A correlation of zero

B

Which of the following relies most heavily on sampling methods?

(A) Small group experiment

(B) Laboratory experiment

(C) Participant observation

(D) Survey research

(E) Case study

D

According to sociological terminology, an analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows, would be which of the following?

(A) Content analysis

(B) Secondary analysis

(C) Quasi-experiment

(D) Participant observation

(E) Ethnographic interview

A

Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?

(A) Experimental research

(B) Field research

(C) Content analysis

(D) Secondary analysis

(E) Survey method

B

Which of the following is true of a dependent variable?

(A) It is spurious.

(B) It is influenced by another variable. correct

(C) It is manipulated.

(D) It causes other variables to increase.

(E) It is used to draw a sample from a population.

B

Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffeinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the

(A) control group

(B) experimental group

(C) independent variable

(D) dependent variable

(E) study population

B

Which of the following can properly be considered norms?

I. Laws, II. Folkways, III. Mores

(A) I only

(B) III only

(C) I and II only

(D) II and III only

(E) I, II, and III

E

Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?

(A) Instinct

(B) Heredity

(C) Culture

(D) Stratification

(E) Ethnocentrism

C

An example of a folkway in American society is

(A) joining a religious cult

(B) eating a sandwich for lunch

(C) failing to pay income taxes on time

(D) stopping for a red light

(E) being fined for jaywalking

B

What term do sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture?

(A) subculture

(B) counterculture

(C) material culture

(D) non-material culture

(E) symbolic interactionism

B

Mark is a foreign exchange student living with a Chinese family. The first night he was with them his hosts served a delicious entree of meat and vegetables. Although tasty, Mark could not identify the meat. When his host told him it was roast dog Mark became upset and decided to become a vegetarian for the course of his stay. In view of this, which sociological concept did Mark just experience?

(A) cultural lag

(B) relativist fallacy

(C) cultural leveling

(D) culture shock

(E) counterculture

D

When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of

(A) reformulation

(B) discovery

(C) cultural diffusion

(D) technological innovation

(E) socialization

C

Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values, and social norms?

(A) material culture

(B) nonmaterial culture

(C) cultural relativism

(D) ethnocentrism

(E) subculture

B

Which set of concepts best illustrates material culture?

(A) jewelry, clothing, hairstyles

(B) beliefs, values, norms

(C) buildings, clothing, folkways

(D) sanctions, mores, weapons

(E) buildings, values, expressions

A

What are the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values?

(A) mores

(B) folkways

(C) laws

(D) norms

(E) theories

D

As a nurse, Rex works to respect and fulfill the different values, beliefs, and behaviors of his patients. Which of the following is Rex practicing?

(A) Cultural competence

(B) Ethnocentrism

(C) Alienation

(D) Cultural lag

(E) Assimilation

A

The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as

(A) amalgamation

(B) association

(C) collective behavior

(D) socialization

(E) innovation

unanswered

D

Socialization takes place

(A) only in childhood

(B) mainly in adolescence

(C) mainly in early adulthood

(D) mainly through the reproductive years

(E) throughout the life cycle

E

What effect did two years of intensive language training have on Isabelle, an isolated child discovered in Ohio in 1938?

(A) Isabelle failed to benefit from the training because she was discovered too late.

(B) Isabelle was able to achieve an intellectual level about half that of other children her age.

(C) Isabelle reached an intellectual level normal for her age.

(D) Isabelle surpassed the intellectual level of other children her age as a result of the intensive training.

(E) None of the above

C

What was the result of the study conducted by H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye where they placed an experimental group of mentally challenged babies in an institution to be cared for by caring adults?

(A) The babies were abused by the care givers, and the experiment ended prematurely.

(B) The intelligence scores of the babies significantly increased when retested two and a half years later.

(C) There was no change in the intelligence scores of the babies when retested two and a half years later.

(D) The intelligence scores of the babies decreased when retested two and a half years later.

(E) The babies in the experimental group did not survive

B

Sociological studies of gender socialization show that

(A) girls' games are more likely than boys' games to encourage assertive behaviors

(B) girls' games are more likely than boys' games to emphasize strict observance of rules

(C) girls are more likely than boys to learn to suppress emotions of sadness

(D) girls are more likely to engage in competitive play and boys in cooperative play

(E) girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers

unanswered

E

Cooley called a person's self-conception based on the responses of others

(A) the divided self

(B) self-esteem

(C) the concrete operational stage

(D) the looking-glass self

(E) the "I" and "me"

D

Joe is on trial for selling drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested. He has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in

(A) dysfunctional behavior

(B) altruism

(C) impression management

(D) exchange

(E) anticipatory socialization

C

Impression management is exhibited by a college student who

(A) aces an exam after forgetting to study for it

(B) anticipates graduating and getting a job

(C) expects to do well on an exam and ends up doing so

(D) anticipates flunking a course and stops going to class

(E) cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend

unanswered

E

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?

(A) Our self concept is inherited based on genetic characteristics.

(B) Our self concept is a product of self-discipline.

(C) Our self concept is the result of deep-seated psychological development.

(D) Our self concept develops from interaction with others.

(E) All of the above

D

According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?

(A) through play and imitation

(B) through intellectual development and biochemical processes

(C) through formal education

(D) through a natural maturation process that shapes instinct

(E) through formal education

A

As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive dolls and gifts that are more passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?

(A) resocialization

(B) gender tracking

(C) the hidden curriculum

(D) gender socialization

(E) gender inhibition

D

Which of the following would most likely be an agent of involuntary resocialization?

(A) Mass media

(B) An institution of higher learning

(C) A peer group

(D) A total institution

(E) The family

unanswered

D

Macrosociology tends to focus on _________________ where as microsociology focuses on social interaction.

(A) buildings and factories

(B) large scale features of social life

(C) families and societies

(D) small scale features of social life

(E) all of the above

B

Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's

(A) role sets

(B) cultural roles

(C) achieved statuses

(D) ascribed statuses

(E) mobility aspirations

D

Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated?

(A) Horticultural

(B) Pastoral

(C) Hunting and gathering

(D) Agricultural

(E) Industrial

C

Leo is a college graduate, cello teacher, and a member of Who s Who Among Students in American Colleges and Universities. What are these accomplishments collectively called?

(A) his social class

(B) his achieved statuses

(C) his social roles

(D) his ascribed statuses

(E) none of the above

B

What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?

(A) achieved status

(B) status set

(C) ascribed status

(D) master status

(E) dominant set

C

Maria woke up with a fever. She called in sick to work, took medicine, and spent the rest

of the day in bed. Maria's actions are most representative of

(A) a sick role

(B) a role strain

(C) a role conflict

(D) medicalization

(E) socialized medicine

unanswered

A

Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to

(A) explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act

(B) determine how society is dysfunctionally organized

(C) focus on the inequality in society

(D) search for the social structures that fulfill people's needs

(E) identify the patterns of exchange among individuals or groups

unanswered

A

Mrs. Jones has a parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teaches. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. Mrs. Jones will have to decide how to juggle the contradictory expectations of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as

(A) role strain

(B) role conflict

(C) status conflict

(D) status set

(E) role set

B

After studying the use of personal space in several cultures, what conclusion did Edward Hall reach regarding the amount of space people prefer?

(A) The amount of personal space people prefer varies from one culture to another.

(B) There is virtually no difference in the amount of personal space preferred by people in different cultures.

(C) The amount of personal space preferred by people is universal but fluctuates by season.

(D) The amount of personal space preferred by people is dependent upon their level of industrialization.

(E) The amount of personal space is always limited

A

All of the following are examples of voluntary associations EXCEPT the

(A) Republican Party

(B) League of Women Voters

(C) Federal Bureau of Investigation

(D) First Baptist Church of Atlanta

(E) Little League Baseball Association

C

All of the following are properties of primary groups EXCEPT

(A) They are important sources of social support.

(B) They tend to be ethnocentric.

(C) They significantly influence personality development.

(D) They tend to be large in number.

(E) They are frequently characterized by face-to-face relationships.

D

According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its

(A) organic solidarity

(B) mechanical solidarity

(C) functional differentiation

(D) co-optation

(E) stratification

B

A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as

(A) a social movement

(B) a social category

(C) an aggregate

(D) a primary group

(E) a secondary group

unanswered

C

What term describes people who share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together?

(A) ad hoc group

(B) congregate

(C) aggregate

(D) category

(E) bureaucracy

C

Samantha works in a place that is hierarchical in nature, has written rules, and has written communications and records. Based on these characteristics, what can we conclude about Samantha's workplace?

(A) Samantha works in a non-profit organization.

(B) Samantha is in a voluntary association.

(C) Samantha works in a bureaucracy.

(D) Samantha is a part of an oligarch.

(E) All of the above

C

Which of the following concepts seeks a consensus of opinion, or group conformity, by taking a narrow view of an issue?

(A) Groupthink

(B) Resocialization

(C) Institutionalization

(D) Mass hysteria

(E) Resource mobilization

unanswered

A

A characteristic of a triad is that it

(A) is prone to coalition formation

(B) allows more power per member than a dyad

(C) is the smallest type of group

(D) can develop the strongest relationships

(E) has little impact on human behavior

A

Joanne is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her sociology class. The leader of her group is always trying to gain consensus by explaining proposed actions and suggesting alternative approaches and giving facts as the basis for their evaluation of the members work. What leadership style is being exhibited in this case?

(A) Authoritarian

(B) Democratic

(C) Expressive

(D) Laissex-Faire

(E) None of the above

B

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the

(A) recognition of the transcendent power of God

(B) biological need for humans to reproduce

(C) desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict

(D) discovery of agriculture

(E) reaction to the industrial revolution

C

Which of the following distinguishes a crime from a deviant act?

(A) The degree of harm caused by the act

(B) The number of people who disapprove of the act

(C) The definition of the act as criminal by a political entity

(D) The social status of the person who committed the act

(E) The social status of the person who is harmed by the act

C

Which of the following is an example of an informal positive sanction?

(A) Marguerite receives a bronze medal for gymnastics at the Olympics.

(B) Hank is awarded a high school diploma by the school board.

(C) Halle receives a million dollars for her performance in a movie.

(D) Danisha receives a new car from her parents when she scores 2300 on the SAT®.

(E) William is sentenced to one year of community service and a $5,000 fine for shoplifting.

D

Who was the sociologist who described deviance this way: It is not the act itself but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant?

(A) Napoleon Chagnon

(B) Howard Becker

(C) Stephen Steel

(D) Ross Koppel

(E) Christine McSimmons

B

For a deviant act to be classified as a crime, what quality must pertain to it?

(A) It must be a rule written into law.

(B) It must result in harm to another person.

(C) There must be a victim.

(D) The act must be revolting to normal people.

(E) It must constitute danger

A

According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by

(A) rationalism

(B) altruism

(C) egoism

(D) secularism

(E) anomie

E

Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?

(A) Hirschi's social control theory

(B) Labeling theory

(C) Merton's strain theory

(D) Differential association theory

(E) Cultural transmission theory

C

"This may sound really strange, but . . ."

The statement above is an example of

(A) a disclaimer

(B) an account

(C) an excuse

(D) a justification

(E) a concession

A

The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime in those areas remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago School's social disorganization perspective?

(A) Police deployment practices failed to control crime.

(B) Police were biased against immigrants.

(C) Immigrants did not have legitimate means to achieve their goals.

(D) Immigrants were labeled as criminals even when their actions were not illegal.

(E) Neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime.

E

What is the major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance?

(A) Sociological explanations are more accurate in explaining the true cause of crime.

(B) Only psychological explanations are accepted by the medical community.

(C) Sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, while psychological explanations look for answers within the individual.

(D) Psychological explanations are based on genetic predispositions, while sociological

explanations concentrate on body types and physical differences.

(E) None of the above

C

Street crime has _______mortality costs and ______financial costs than white-collar crime.

(A) lower, lower

(B) higher, lower

(C) lower, higher

(D) higher, higher

(E) always differs

A

Which of the following is best described as

an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?

(A) Social structure

(B) Social organization

(C) Social institution

(D) Social culture

(E) Economic corporation

C

What is another term for legitimate power?

(A) authority

(B) coercion

(C) totalitarianism

(D) politics

(E) economics

A

According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is

(A) traditional authority

(B) charismatic authority

(C) rational-legal authority

(D) coercion

(E) persuasion

C

Raw materials are processed and converted into finished goods in which sector of the economy?

(A) Agricultural

(B) Industrial

(C) Public

(D) Service

(E) Information

B

Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that

(A) individuals pursue their desired occupations, and society rewards diligent workers

(B) the free market demands more elaborate products over the years, and skill and hard work allow laborers to meet that demand

(C) majority rule must be maintained for the free market to function properly, and individuals who desire wealth and prestige work hard

(D) societal profits are distributed to each person according to need, and each person's skills determine his or her role in the workforce

(E) goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price

unanswered

E

What are the three essential components of socialism?

(A) public ownership of the means of production, central planning, free-market economy

(B) central planning, public ownership of the means of production, distribution without profit motive

(C) free-market economy, public ownership of the means of production, pursuit of profit

(D) distribution of goods without a profit motive, individual ownership of the means of production, competition unequal

(E) public ownership of the means of production, no planning, individuals own market

B

A school system that teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of

(A) structural assimilation

(B) cultural assimilation

(C) accommodation

(D) rationalization

(E) ethnocentrism

unanswered

C

Which statement about political participation in the United States is true?

(A) Almost everyone of voting age in the United States is registered to vote.

(B) Voter turnout in the United States is lower than in most European nations.

(C) Voter turnout has increased substantially in the last twenty years.

(D) People of higher social class tend to participate less in voting than lower social classes.

(E) Younger adults are more likely to vote than those over 65.

B

Most of the funding for public schools in the United States comes from

(A) lottery revenues

(B) state income taxes

(C) local sales taxes

(D) local income taxes

(E) local property taxes

E

Compared to the United States population in general, Asian Americans have:

(A) larger proportions of their populations in poverty

(B) lower median family incomes

(C) a higher level of formal educational achievement

(D) fewer ties to their family's country of origin

(E) a lower proportion of first-generation immigrants

C

n general, females perform better than males do on tests of

(A) general intelligence

(B) verbal ability

(C) visual-spatial ability

(D) scientific information

(E) mathematics

B

Which of the following best describes what sociologists of education mean when they refer to the hidden curriculum?

(A) The manifest results of education

(B) The unintended consequences of schooling

(C) Dismiss the case before trial

(D) Delayed transmission of knowledge

(E) Miscommunication between teacher and student

B

According to the functionalist perspective, which is a function of religion?

(A) answering questions about the meaning of life

(B) providing guidelines for life

(C) emotional support

(D) all of the above

(E) none of the above

D

A sociologist of religion who studies secularization is interested in which of the following?

(A) The increasing prevalence of religious cults in a society

(B) A society that changes from having a few religious practices to many religious practices

(C) The development of more extreme religious practices in a society

(D) A society that changes from closely identifying with nonreligious values to closely identifying with religious values

(E) A society that changes from closely identifying with religious values to closely identifying with nonreligious values

unanswered

E

In his research, George Farkas discovered that, even though they had identical test scores, some students were prone to receive better grades than others. Which students received the best grades?

(A) boys and Latinos

(B) girls and Asian Americans

(C) white females and African Americans

(D) Latino males and white females

(E) girls and Whites

unanswered

B

According to the functionalist perspective, which is a function of religion?

(A) answering questions about the meaning of life

(B) providing guidelines for life

(C) emotional support

(D) none of the above

(E) all of the above

E

Which of the following is true of social norms for the structure of marriage?

(A) They have consistently required monogamy across all periods of history and cross-culturally around the globe.

(B) They have favored polyandry in those societies wanting to increase their birth rate.

(C) They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful.

(D) They have no impact in democratic societies, since democracies allow individuals to choose their own form of marriage.

(E) They are based on the ideal of gender equality.

unanswered

C

The practice in which a woman is married to two or more men at the same time is known as

(A) monogamy

(B) polygyny

(C) polyandry

(D) serial monogamy

(E) patriarchy

C

Which of the following is the best example of exogamy?

(A) The father is considered the head of the family.

(B) Interracial marriage was prohibited by law in many states prior to civil rights legislation.

(C) The incest taboo prohibits close relatives from marrying one another.

(D) Some religious groups encourage their members to marry within their religion.

(E) All of the above

C

Which perspective is most aligned with the belief that family provides to society economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and aged, and reproduction?

(A) the functionalist perspective

(B) the conflict perspective

(C) the symbolic interactionist perspective

(D) the feminist perspective

(E) the social bonding perspective

A

In the United States, which family members are primarily responsible for what is known as the second shift?

(A) Fathers Only

(B) Mothers Only

(C) Both fathers and mothers

(D) Children

(E) Grandparents

B

Zachary's parents were divorced three years ago. During the first year after the divorce, Zachary's father visited him every week. Then Zachary's father remarried and fathered another child. Now he rarely visits Zachary. What is this scenario called?

(A) child neglect

(B) child abuse

(C) serial fatherhood

(D) middle-age fatherhood

(E) patriarchy downward

C

Which of the following groups have the lowest intermarriage rates in the United States?

(A) American Indians and Whites

(B) Latinos and Whites

(C) Asian Americans and Whites

(D) African Americans and Whites

(E) Jewish Whites and Protestant Whites

D

The number of children that Americans consider ideal has____________ over the years.

(A) exploded

(B) increased moderately

(C) decreased

(D) stayed the same

(E) increased dramatically

C

What is the major characteristic of the caste system that has permitted it to perpetuate itself for more than 3,000 years in India?

(A) heterogamy

(B) fluid class boundaries

(C) cultural diffusion

(D) endogamy

(E) slavery

D