Apologia Biology Module 14

Botany

The study of plants.

Perennial plants

Plants that grow year after year.

Annual plants

Plants that live for only one year.

Biennial plants

Plants that live for two years.

Vegetative organs

The parts of a plant (such as stems, roots and leaves) that are not involved in reproduction

Reproductive plant organs

The parts of a plant (such as flowers, fruits and seeds) involved in reproduction.

4 kinds of plant tissues

Dermal tissue

Meristematic tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

(DMVG)

Dermal Tissue of a plant

made out of a single layer of cells on outside of plant

protects plant from environment by being a "shield"

Undifferentiated cells

Cells that have not specialized in any particular function.

vascular tissue

specialized tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)

Meristematic tissue

contains cells that are undifferentiated

mitosis (cell division and growth) takes place here

It's where GROWTH takes place

Ground tissue

most common type of plant tissue

tissue between the dermal tissue and vascular tissue of a non-woody plant that functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support

Xylem

Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to it's leaves.

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant.

Major parts of a leaf

Blade

Apex

Petiole

Stipules

blade

primary portion of leaf

apex of a leaf

tip of the blade of the leaf (top)

petiole

blade is attached to the stem with a small stalk

stipules

base of the petiole

simple leaf

a single leaf that is attached to the stem of the plant by a single petiole.

compound leaf

a leaf of a plant consisting of several or many distinct parts (leaflets) joined to a single stem.

leaf mosaic

the arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant

Alternate Leaf Mosaic

Opposite Leaf Mosaic

Whorled Leaf Mosaic

Characterizing a Leaf

Botanists use the leaf shape, margin and venation to help classify a plant.

Linear Leaf

about the same width from the top of the leaf to the bottom

Elliptical Leaf

Tapers at both ends but is still longer than wide

Oval leaf Shape

egg shaped

Deltoid Leaf Shape

triangular shape

Cordate Leaf Shape

Like an upside down heart

Orbicular Leaf Shape

ciruclar

Lobed leaf shape

deep indentations in the leaf

Cleft Leaf Shape

deep indentations that tend to be sharp

Needlelike Leaf Shape

Scalelike Leaf Shape

almost like the scales of a fish

Leaf Margin

The characteristics of the leaf edge

Entire leaf margin

not toothed, notched, or divided. but smooth

Serrate leaf margin

tiny sharp teeth on it's outer edge, which usually point upwards towards the apex

Dentate Leaf margin

More pronounced teeth that usually point outward

Crenate Leaf margin

teeth are more rounded than pointed

Undulate Leaf Margin

tends to be wavy instead of with teeth

Leaf Venation

the pattern of veins in leaves

Parallel Leaf Venation

a type of broad leaf that has long veins that do not intersect (monocots) e.g. grass

Pinnate Leaf Venation

Many veins of a leaf that branch out from the midrib

Palmate Leaf Venation

the leaf's veins brand out from the midrib and those branches also have branches.

Monocot

a plant whose leaf's venation is parallel

Dicot

a plant whose leaf's venation is netted

leaf epidermis

a single layer that covers the top and bottom of a leaf

leaf cuticle

waxy protective layer that covers leaves.

Stomata

the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Guard Cells

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

Parenchyma Tissues

under the epidermis on both sides of the plant that do the photosynthesis

Palisade Mesophyll

layer of closely packed mesophyll cells under the epidermis that absorb light that enters the leaf

Spongy Mesophyll

Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells

Collenchyma

Cells with thicker walls to support the vein in the leaf

Plastids

hold pigments, starches and oils

Carotenoids

Accessory pigments that broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

Anthocyanins

red, purple, or blue pigments; responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants

Deciduous plant

A plant that loses its leaves for winter.

abscission layer

layer of cells at the petiole that seals off a leaf from the vascular system

involved in the loss of leaves of deciduous trees

Tannic Acid

product of the breakdown of plant cell contents

roots

Absorbs water and minerals from the ground. Anchors plant in ground. Used as a place for food storage.

Fibrous root systems

Have fine branches

Taproot System

A root system consisting of one prominent main root with smaller lateral roots branching from it

Primary Root

Main root. has 4 main regions

Root Cap

Meristematic Region

Elongation Region

Maturation Regoin

Root Cap

Protective layer of dead thick walled cells that cover the tip of the root.

Meristematic Region

Where the tiny undifferentiated cells carry on mitosis.

Elongation region

region in root where cells elongate, grow in size and increase root length

maturation Region

Where the cells are becoming fully differentiated

Root Hairs

Root hairs are tiny hair- like things the root grows to drink up water.

Cortex

Cells inside the epidermis where substances are stored for later use

Stems

Can be woody or herbaceous. Perform three basic functions

Support

conduct water and nutrients

photosynthesis

Herbaceous stems

In dicots and monocots, does not have bark,

Woody stems

Rigid stems made of wood and bark found on trees and shrubs, composed of two layers, the inner bark and the outer bark.

Inner bark

Contains phloem and cortex tissue.

Cork Cambium

Produces outer bark, a layer in between the inner and outer bark that continually produces cork cells which die and become the outer bark.

Outer Bark

Inactive cells that form protection for inner bark.

Vascular Cambium

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Annual Growth Rings

Periods of faster/slower growth result in distinct layers of xylem.

Girdling

The process of cutting away a ring of inner and outer bark all the way around a tree trunk.

bryophytes

nonvascular plants

Moss

soft, small, green and nonvascular and are found on the ground near water tightly packed tiny plants composed of leafy shoots and rhizoids

Tracheophytes

Vascular plants

Alternation of generations

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form.

gametophyte generation

a life cycle stage in plants in which a haploid sex cell is produced by mitosis

antheridia

in plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

archegonia

Female reproductive part of a nonvascular plant

sporophyte generation

after fertilization a diploid zygote develops into this generation of moss life cycle

Dominant generation

In alternation of generations, the generation that occupies the largest portion of the life cycle.

seedless vascular plant

Plant with vascular tissue, but no seeds; the most common plants of this type are ferns .

pterophyta

ferns

Fern Life Cycle

Coniferophyta

Cone-bearing plant. "Conifer" is Latin for cone bearer and "phyta" means plant.

Seed Cones

Usually found in other branches of the same tree. Ova are on the scales of these.

Pollen Cones

cone in gymnosperms that produces male gametophytes in the form of pollen grains

self fertilization

fertilization in which both egg and pollen come from the same plant

Anthophyta

Flowering plants

Pollen

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants.

Cotyledon

A "seed leaf" which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant.