Apologia Biology Module 14

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100 Terms

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Botany

The study of plants.

<p>The study of plants.</p>
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Perennial plants

Plants that grow year after year.

<p>Plants that grow year after year.</p>
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Annual plants

Plants that live for only one year.

<p>Plants that live for only one year.</p>
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Biennial plants

Plants that live for two years.

<p>Plants that live for two years.</p>
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Vegetative organs

The parts of a plant (such as stems, roots and leaves) that are not involved in reproduction

<p>The parts of a plant (such as stems, roots and leaves) that are not involved in reproduction</p>
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Reproductive plant organs

The parts of a plant (such as flowers, fruits and seeds) involved in reproduction.

<p>The parts of a plant (such as flowers, fruits and seeds) involved in reproduction.</p>
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4 kinds of plant tissues

Dermal tissue

Meristematic tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

(DMVG)

<p>Dermal tissue</p><p>Meristematic tissue</p><p>Vascular tissue</p><p>Ground tissue</p><p>(DMVG)</p>
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Dermal Tissue of a plant

made out of a single layer of cells on outside of plant

protects plant from environment by being a "shield"

<p>made out of a single layer of cells on outside of plant</p><p>protects plant from environment by being a "shield"</p>
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Undifferentiated cells

Cells that have not specialized in any particular function.

<p>Cells that have not specialized in any particular function.</p>
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vascular tissue

specialized tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)

<p>specialized tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)</p>
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Meristematic tissue

contains cells that are undifferentiated

mitosis (cell division and growth) takes place here

It's where GROWTH takes place

<p>contains cells that are undifferentiated</p><p>mitosis (cell division and growth) takes place here</p><p>It's where GROWTH takes place</p>
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Ground tissue

most common type of plant tissue

tissue between the dermal tissue and vascular tissue of a non-woody plant that functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support

<p>most common type of plant tissue</p><p>tissue between the dermal tissue and vascular tissue of a non-woody plant that functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support</p>
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Xylem

Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to it's leaves.

<p>Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to it's leaves.</p>
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Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant.

<p>Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant.</p>
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Major parts of a leaf

Blade

Apex

Petiole

Stipules

<p>Blade</p><p>Apex</p><p>Petiole</p><p>Stipules</p>
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blade

primary portion of leaf

<p>primary portion of leaf</p>
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apex of a leaf

tip of the blade of the leaf (top)

<p>tip of the blade of the leaf (top)</p>
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petiole

blade is attached to the stem with a small stalk

<p>blade is attached to the stem with a small stalk</p>
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stipules

base of the petiole

<p>base of the petiole</p>
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simple leaf

a single leaf that is attached to the stem of the plant by a single petiole.

<p>a single leaf that is attached to the stem of the plant by a single petiole.</p>
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compound leaf

a leaf of a plant consisting of several or many distinct parts (leaflets) joined to a single stem.

<p>a leaf of a plant consisting of several or many distinct parts (leaflets) joined to a single stem.</p>
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leaf mosaic

the arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant

<p>the arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant</p>
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Alternate Leaf Mosaic

knowt flashcard image
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Opposite Leaf Mosaic

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Whorled Leaf Mosaic

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Characterizing a Leaf

Botanists use the leaf shape, margin and venation to help classify a plant.

<p>Botanists use the leaf shape, margin and venation to help classify a plant.</p>
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Linear Leaf

about the same width from the top of the leaf to the bottom

<p>about the same width from the top of the leaf to the bottom</p>
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Elliptical Leaf

Tapers at both ends but is still longer than wide

<p>Tapers at both ends but is still longer than wide</p>
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Oval leaf Shape

egg shaped

<p>egg shaped</p>
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Deltoid Leaf Shape

triangular shape

<p>triangular shape</p>
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Cordate Leaf Shape

Like an upside down heart

<p>Like an upside down heart</p>
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Orbicular Leaf Shape

ciruclar

<p>ciruclar</p>
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Lobed leaf shape

deep indentations in the leaf

<p>deep indentations in the leaf</p>
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Cleft Leaf Shape

deep indentations that tend to be sharp

<p>deep indentations that tend to be sharp</p>
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Needlelike Leaf Shape

knowt flashcard image
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Scalelike Leaf Shape

almost like the scales of a fish

<p>almost like the scales of a fish</p>
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Leaf Margin

The characteristics of the leaf edge

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Entire leaf margin

not toothed, notched, or divided. but smooth

<p>not toothed, notched, or divided. but smooth</p>
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Serrate leaf margin

tiny sharp teeth on it's outer edge, which usually point upwards towards the apex

<p>tiny sharp teeth on it's outer edge, which usually point upwards towards the apex</p>
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Dentate Leaf margin

More pronounced teeth that usually point outward

<p>More pronounced teeth that usually point outward</p>
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Crenate Leaf margin

teeth are more rounded than pointed

<p>teeth are more rounded than pointed</p>
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Undulate Leaf Margin

tends to be wavy instead of with teeth

<p>tends to be wavy instead of with teeth</p>
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Leaf Venation

the pattern of veins in leaves

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Parallel Leaf Venation

a type of broad leaf that has long veins that do not intersect (monocots) e.g. grass

<p>a type of broad leaf that has long veins that do not intersect (monocots) e.g. grass</p>
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Pinnate Leaf Venation

Many veins of a leaf that branch out from the midrib

<p>Many veins of a leaf that branch out from the midrib</p>
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Palmate Leaf Venation

the leaf's veins brand out from the midrib and those branches also have branches.

<p>the leaf's veins brand out from the midrib and those branches also have branches.</p>
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Monocot

a plant whose leaf's venation is parallel

<p>a plant whose leaf's venation is parallel</p>
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Dicot

a plant whose leaf's venation is netted

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leaf epidermis

a single layer that covers the top and bottom of a leaf

<p>a single layer that covers the top and bottom of a leaf</p>
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leaf cuticle

waxy protective layer that covers leaves.

<p>waxy protective layer that covers leaves.</p>
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Stomata

the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

<p>the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move</p>
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Guard Cells

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

<p>The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.</p>
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Parenchyma Tissues

under the epidermis on both sides of the plant that do the photosynthesis

<p>under the epidermis on both sides of the plant that do the photosynthesis</p>
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Palisade Mesophyll

layer of closely packed mesophyll cells under the epidermis that absorb light that enters the leaf

<p>layer of closely packed mesophyll cells under the epidermis that absorb light that enters the leaf</p>
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Spongy Mesophyll

Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells

<p>Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells</p>
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Collenchyma

Cells with thicker walls to support the vein in the leaf

<p>Cells with thicker walls to support the vein in the leaf</p>
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Plastids

hold pigments, starches and oils

<p>hold pigments, starches and oils</p>
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Carotenoids

Accessory pigments that broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

<p>Accessory pigments that broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.</p>
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Anthocyanins

red, purple, or blue pigments; responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants

<p>red, purple, or blue pigments; responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants</p>
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Deciduous plant

A plant that loses its leaves for winter.

<p>A plant that loses its leaves for winter.</p>
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abscission layer

layer of cells at the petiole that seals off a leaf from the vascular system

involved in the loss of leaves of deciduous trees

<p>layer of cells at the petiole that seals off a leaf from the vascular system</p><p>involved in the loss of leaves of deciduous trees</p>
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Tannic Acid

product of the breakdown of plant cell contents

<p>product of the breakdown of plant cell contents</p>
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roots

Absorbs water and minerals from the ground. Anchors plant in ground. Used as a place for food storage.

<p>Absorbs water and minerals from the ground. Anchors plant in ground. Used as a place for food storage.</p>
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Fibrous root systems

Have fine branches

<p>Have fine branches</p>
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Taproot System

A root system consisting of one prominent main root with smaller lateral roots branching from it

<p>A root system consisting of one prominent main root with smaller lateral roots branching from it</p>
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Primary Root

Main root. has 4 main regions

Root Cap

Meristematic Region

Elongation Region

Maturation Regoin

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Root Cap

Protective layer of dead thick walled cells that cover the tip of the root.

<p>Protective layer of dead thick walled cells that cover the tip of the root.</p>
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Meristematic Region

Where the tiny undifferentiated cells carry on mitosis.

<p>Where the tiny undifferentiated cells carry on mitosis.</p>
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Elongation region

region in root where cells elongate, grow in size and increase root length

<p>region in root where cells elongate, grow in size and increase root length</p>
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maturation Region

Where the cells are becoming fully differentiated

<p>Where the cells are becoming fully differentiated</p>
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Root Hairs

Root hairs are tiny hair- like things the root grows to drink up water.

<p>Root hairs are tiny hair- like things the root grows to drink up water.</p>
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Cortex

Cells inside the epidermis where substances are stored for later use

<p>Cells inside the epidermis where substances are stored for later use</p>
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Stems

Can be woody or herbaceous. Perform three basic functions

Support

conduct water and nutrients

photosynthesis

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Herbaceous stems

In dicots and monocots, does not have bark,

<p>In dicots and monocots, does not have bark,</p>
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Woody stems

Rigid stems made of wood and bark found on trees and shrubs, composed of two layers, the inner bark and the outer bark.

<p>Rigid stems made of wood and bark found on trees and shrubs, composed of two layers, the inner bark and the outer bark.</p>
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Inner bark

Contains phloem and cortex tissue.

<p>Contains phloem and cortex tissue.</p>
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Cork Cambium

Produces outer bark, a layer in between the inner and outer bark that continually produces cork cells which die and become the outer bark.

<p>Produces outer bark, a layer in between the inner and outer bark that continually produces cork cells which die and become the outer bark.</p>
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Outer Bark

Inactive cells that form protection for inner bark.

<p>Inactive cells that form protection for inner bark.</p>
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Vascular Cambium

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

<p>adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem</p>
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Annual Growth Rings

Periods of faster/slower growth result in distinct layers of xylem.

<p>Periods of faster/slower growth result in distinct layers of xylem.</p>
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Girdling

The process of cutting away a ring of inner and outer bark all the way around a tree trunk.

<p>The process of cutting away a ring of inner and outer bark all the way around a tree trunk.</p>
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bryophytes

nonvascular plants

<p>nonvascular plants</p>
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Moss

soft, small, green and nonvascular and are found on the ground near water tightly packed tiny plants composed of leafy shoots and rhizoids

<p>soft, small, green and nonvascular and are found on the ground near water tightly packed tiny plants composed of leafy shoots and rhizoids</p>
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Tracheophytes

Vascular plants

<p>Vascular plants</p>
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Alternation of generations

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form.

<p>A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form.</p>
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gametophyte generation

a life cycle stage in plants in which a haploid sex cell is produced by mitosis

<p>a life cycle stage in plants in which a haploid sex cell is produced by mitosis</p>
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antheridia

in plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

<p>in plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.</p>
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archegonia

Female reproductive part of a nonvascular plant

<p>Female reproductive part of a nonvascular plant</p>
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sporophyte generation

after fertilization a diploid zygote develops into this generation of moss life cycle

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Dominant generation

In alternation of generations, the generation that occupies the largest portion of the life cycle.

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seedless vascular plant

Plant with vascular tissue, but no seeds; the most common plants of this type are ferns .

<p>Plant with vascular tissue, but no seeds; the most common plants of this type are ferns .</p>
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pterophyta

ferns

<p>ferns</p>
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Fern Life Cycle

knowt flashcard image
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Coniferophyta

Cone-bearing plant. "Conifer" is Latin for cone bearer and "phyta" means plant.

<p>Cone-bearing plant. "Conifer" is Latin for cone bearer and "phyta" means plant.</p>
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Seed Cones

Usually found in other branches of the same tree. Ova are on the scales of these.

<p>Usually found in other branches of the same tree. Ova are on the scales of these.</p>
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Pollen Cones

cone in gymnosperms that produces male gametophytes in the form of pollen grains

<p>cone in gymnosperms that produces male gametophytes in the form of pollen grains</p>
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self fertilization

fertilization in which both egg and pollen come from the same plant

<p>fertilization in which both egg and pollen come from the same plant</p>
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Anthophyta

Flowering plants

<p>Flowering plants</p>
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Pollen

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants.

<p>A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants.</p>
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Cotyledon

A "seed leaf" which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant.

<p>A "seed leaf" which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant.</p>