AP Euro Ch. 23/24

Second Industrial Revolution

-Gave rise to steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum

-Electricity allows lagging countries to enter the industrial age

-Lowers food prices and changes the European diet

-Expansion of white collar jobs and for women

Cartels

-Independent enterprises working together to control prices and fix production quotas thereby restraining competition that led to reduced prices

European Economic Zones

-Northwest and central Europe=more industrialized

-Eastern and Southern Europe=more agricultural

Josephine Butler

-Objected the British laws that punished women for venereal diseases but not men

-Successfully leads to the repeal of the Contaigous Diseases Acts

German Social Democratic Party

-German political party that supported Marxism and competed in Reichstag elections

-Worked to enact legislation to improve conditions for the working class

-Most successful socialist party in Europe at the time

Second International

-Loosely organized association of national socialist groups

-Organizes May Day

-Split by revisionism and nationalism

Evolutionary Socialism (revisionism)

-Challenges orthodox Marxism

-Change through democracy and not revolution

Eduard Bernstein

-Revisionist member of the German Social Democratic Party

-Contradicted orthodox views and emphasized bringing change through democracy rather than revolution

Nationalism

-Proves itself as a more powerful force with socialists

-Conflicts with the Marxist view that workers have no country

Anarchism

-Prominent socialist view in less industrialized and democratic countries

-Advocated for abolishing the state and all existing social institutions

-Michael Bakunin was a strong advocate for this and his death led to the assassination of many world leaders

Public Health Act of 1875

-Prohibited the construction of new buildings without running water and an internal drainage system in Britain

-Example of government action in public health

Plutocrats

-Elite class of people who were the product of big business and industry

Reform Act of 1884

-Gave the vote to al men who paid regular rents/taxes

-Largely enfranchised agricultural workers, adding 2 million voters

Charles Parnell

-Leader of Irish representatives in British parliament

-Called for Irish self-government by a separate parliament but not complete independence (home rule)

-His goal is not achieved in parliament

Third Republic

-New republican government in France after Franco-Prussian war

-Moderate because of strong monarchist support in France

-Constitution, president, elections

Spain

-Two party parliamentary system with Conservative and Liberal parties

-Limited suffrage

-Reforms are attempted but industrialization resulted in workers supporting radical and socialist solutions

-Crushed revolt and Spain tied to conservative order

Italy

-Italians remain loyal to family/region

-Sectional differences weaken sense of community

-Corrupt government

-10% enfranchised

Germany

-Bismarck attempts to maintain conservative status quo

-Attacks Catholics at first then focuses on attacking socialists

-Passes some industrial reform

-Social security and social welfare

Kulturkampf

-Bismarck collaborates with liberals in an attack on the Catholic church

-Conflict over education and church appointments

Marie Curie

-Discovered multiple elements and studied radioactivity

-Determined that atoms were random and inexplicable

Albert Einstein

-His theory of relativity proposed that certain aspects of science are relative and not fixed (not everything is predictable)

Nietzsche

-Claimed reason played little role in human life because humans were at the mercy of irrational life forces

-Criticized Christianity for its effects on society

-Condemned political democracy, social reform, and universal suffrage

Bergson

-Popular revolutionary against reason in France

Sorel

-Combined ideas on the limits of rational thinking with revolutionary socialism

-Advocated a general strike to inspire workers to take violent, heroic action against capital order

Sigmund Freud

-Laid the basic foundation for psychoanalysis

-Human behavior is determined by the unconcious

-Id, ego, and superego

Herbert Spencer

-Argued that societies evolved through time from a struggle with their environment

-State should not intervene in this process