Bio Bases Midterm

amnesia

amnesia

loss of memory

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

anomia

Loss of the ability to name objects or retrieve names of people. knows what it is, just might misname.

agnosia

the inability to recognize familiar objects. does not know what it is.

Prosopagnosia

inability to recognize faces

aphasia

impairment of language

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

basal ganglia

a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

brocas area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

wernickes area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension; usually in the left temporal lobe

short term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

long-term memory

events from further back, can remember old memories, can't be helped by hints

working memory

the way we store information when we are working with it

explicit (declarative) memory

deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory; can state in words, draw a picture of it, or otherwise demonstrate that you know you remember it

implicit memory

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

procedural memory

the development of motor skills and habits; a kind of implicit memory

frontal lobe

region at the front of the cerebral cortex that includes the motor cortex (aka precentral gyrus) and prefrontal cortex. largely responsible for motor and sensory integration. A in the photo

temporal lobe

contains the primary auditory areas and controls the recognition of objects (hearing and advanced visual processing). also handles complex aspects of vision including movement and some emotional/motivational behaviors G in diagram

Parietal Lobe

concerned with attention and higher level sensory functions (bodily sensations). contains postcentral gyrus aka primary somatosensory cortex. also responsible for spatial and numerical information. homonculus. B

Occipital Lobe

region at the back of the cortex that controls vision. aka striate cortex or primary visual cortex. C

prefrontal cortex

integration center for all sensory info and other areas of the cortex. responsible for higher functions, working memory, abstract thinking/planning.

precentral gyri

primary motor cortex, in frontal lobe

postcentral gyrus

primary for touch and information from muscle-stretch and joint receptors.

Hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Forebrain

Most anterior and prominent part of the brain with two cerebral hemispheres and houses the limbic system.

midbrain

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

Medulla

responsible for vital reflexes like breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, sneezing.

Pons

axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord such that the left hemisphere controls the muscles of the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side

cerebellum

helps regulate motor movement, balance and coordination. also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

Tectum

Roof (area above the ventricle) of the midbrain; its functions are sensory processing, particularly visual and auditory, and the production of orienting movements.

superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

processes sensory information; part of midbrain

superior: visual info

inferior: auditory info

tegmentum

involved in movement and arousal

substantia nigra

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

basal ganglia

a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements; includes caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

basal forebrain

a ventral region in the forebrain that has been implicated in sleep; includes nucleus basalis

limbic system

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives; includes olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus

olfactory bulb

the brain center for smell, located below the frontal lobes

thalamus

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

cingulate gyrus

plays role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict

ventricular system

The cerebrospinal fluid-filled spaces inside the brain, consisting of the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and fourth ventricle.

stroke

temporary interruption of normal blood flow to a brain area aka cerebrovasular accident

ischemia

type of stroke. the result of a blood clot or other obstruction in an artery. neurons are deprived of blood and lose oxygen and glucose supplies. tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) breaks up blood clots and can be helpful. "silent stroke"

hemorrhage

less common type of stroke, result of a ruptured artery. neurons are flooded with blood and excess oxygen, calcium and other chemicals

strokes (both types) can

lead to edema (Accumulation of fluid) which increases pressure on the brain and probability of additional strokes

impair the sodium potassium pump, leading to accumulation of sodium in neurons

combination of edema and excess sodium provokes excess release of glutamate which overstimulates neurons and damages both neurons and synapses

parkinsons disease

results from gradual loss of dopamine releasing axons . results in rigidity, muscle tremor, slow movements, and difficulty initiating voluntary activity. slow and weak in spontaneous movement., difficulty activating and inhibiting movements. other sxs include lack of motivation and pleasure, and may have difficulty w/ attention, language, memory

L Dopa

possible treatment for parkinsons, precursor to dopamine that can cross blood brain barrier. has unpleasant side effects.

alzheimers disease

progresses to more serious memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite. Retain procedural memory better than semantic memory. related to deposition of amyloid B protein in brain

neuron

one of two kinds of cells that make up the nervous sustem. they receive info and transmit it to other cells. made up of soma, dendrites, dendritic spines, axons, presynaptic terminal, myelin sheath, nodes of ranview. shape varies based on location + function.

soma

cell body of a neuron

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information from other neurons. the greater surface area, the more info it can receive.

dendritic spines

outgrowths that increase surface area available for synapses

axons

a part of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body

presynaptic terminal

end point where an axon releases chemicals

myelin sheath

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

nodes of ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.

afferent axon

brings information into a structure type of axon

efferent axon

carries information away from a structure

type of axon

motor neuron

a neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react

sensory neuron

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

glia

other component of the nervous system. they outnumber neurons in cerebral cortex. types: astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, radial glia

astrocytes

Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.

microglia

part of immune system, remove viruses and fungi from brain. remove dead/damaged neurons and remove weakest synapses

oligodendrocytes

Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.

Schwann cells

Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.

radial glia

guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites

blood brain barrier

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.

active transport

a protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

sodium potassium pump

a protein complex that repeatedly transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell while drawing two potassium ions into it. it is active transport that requires energy

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon sent by neuron

hyperpolarization

membrane potential becomes more negative

depolarization

Loss of a state of polarity; loss or reduction of negative membrane potential

the all or none law

principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; the neuron either fires at full strength or it does not fire at all. the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it

synapse

the point of communication between two neurons. specialized gap between neurons

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

somatic nervous system

Division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.

autonomic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

dorsal

toward the back

ventral

Toward the stomach

anterior

toward the front

posterior

toward the back

superior

above

inferior

below

lateral

side, away from the midline

medial

toward the midline

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

farther from the point of attachment

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body