Logic and Critical Thinking 1st Quiz

Plato

Founded a school called the Academy.

Like his mentor Socrates, he believed that philosophers have a duty to society to help the citizens live a good life.

He wrote what is said to be the most influential book in Western civilization, The Republic

Philosophical life – knowledge desiring

Life ambition – honor-desiring

Life of gain – profit-desiring

Plato classified three types of lives based on human desires, emphasizing the importance of philosophy in achieving the highest form of knowledge.

rational quest

Philosophy for Plato is the ___________ for the unchanging, universal and eternal forms existing in the world of ideas. These transcendental forms constitute being and reality.

philosophical life

A __________ is a life of contemplation of whatever in reality is true and good. - Plato

allegory

The _____ suggests that most people live in ignorance, mistaking illusions (shadows) for reality. When someone gains true knowledge (leaves the cave), they face the challenge of sharing their wisdom with others who refuse to believe it.

responsibility

The allegory of the caves implies that true wisdom comes with ________ and challenges.

Philos

Love or friendship

Sophia

Wisdom

Love

is an urge or drive of the will towards a particular object. As a drive, love always seeks unity with its object; it desires to possess its object.

Wisdom

the good exercise or application of knowledge. Thus, wisdom cannot be dissociated from knowledge.

Truth

considered as the ultimate object of knowledge. Hence, truth is being showed and practiced by a man of wisdom.

Nishi Amane

The Chinese, define philosophy as Zhe-Xue or Che Shueh (this is originally coined by Dr. ______).

Zhe-xue

“study of wisdom” (chinese)

Hindus

Philosophy for the _____ means seeing the whole reality through a total advertence and involvement of the looker.

Formal understanding of Philosophy

a science that investigates all things in their ultimate causes, reasons and principles then it, by necessity, is a science that is not satisfied with skin-deep, superficial or partial treatment of reality.

Begins in Miletus says Reginald Ellen

Origin of Philosophy

Pythagoras

who is acclaimed as the first philosopher (because he coined the term philosophy).

wonder

not necessarily the ultimate cause – is _____; philosophy starts at _____.

sine qua non

philosophy considers correct questions ask more important than correct answers

Theoretical Philosophy

1. Ontology – being as being

2. Metaphysics – being

3. Epistemology – knowledge

4. Theodicy – God-man relationship

5. Cosmology – universe and world

6. Psychology – animal and human behavior

Practical Philosophy

1. Logic - correct reasoning

2. Ethics – morality

3. Aesthetics – art and beauty

4. Semantics – words and meanings

5. Axiology – value and its hierarchy

Philosophy

Always do good and avoid evil
Always be good even others are not

Logic

From the Greek word “logos”; (the study of) has a variety of meanings including words such as thought, idea, argument, reason or principle.

The study of reasoning, the study of principles/rules and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

Enables us to understand idea to infer if it’s invalid or valid.

Meaning of logic

a science of the laws/rules which the intellect must obey in order to acquire readily and surely the knowledge of truth. (serves as a guide to have a correct reasoning)

Formal, Informal, Symbolic, and Mathematical

Types of Logic

Formal Logic

pertains to traditional or philosophical logic, the study of inference with purely formal and explicit content (it can be expressed as a particular application of a wholly abstract rule), such as the rules of formal logic that have come down to us from Aristotle

Informal Logic

is a recent discipline which studies natural language arguments and attempts to develop a logic to assess, analyze and improve ordinary language (for everyday reasoning)

Symbolic Logic

is the study of symbolic abstractions that capture the formal features of logical inference.

Mathematical Logic

Both the application of the techniques of formal logic to mathematics.

Truth

It is the object of thinking. Some are obvious; others are difficult to acquire.

Logic

____ is the subject which teaches you the rules for correct and proper reasoning.

Reasoning

is a special kind of thinking in which problems are solved, in which inference take place, that is, in conclusion are drawn from premises. (3rd fundamental activity of the intellect). (we ask questions if our mind is not satisfied of reasoning)

mind

(Logic – ____, emotion – heart, passion – body)

Mental operations, mental product, external sign

Three operations of mind

Simple apprehension

the mind’s first awareness of things through which we form ideas

Judgment

the mind’s act of affirming or denying one or the other, whereby the mind establishes the identity or non-identity of two concepts

Reasoning

the mind’s combination of the two judgments with a view of arriving at a conclusion

Idea

is the simple apprehension’s mental product; enunciation is for judgment; and argumentation, for reasoning.

phantasm

A man is able to produce ____ which is the sensible image of all things. This is the first step in the formation of idea.

Term

The external manifestation of an idea is called ___. It can be defined as a written or spoken word. Idea exists in the mind. When manifested externally it is called ____.

Comprehension

It is the sum-total of the attributes or thought elements which constitute the idea.

Sum-total

refers to the basic elements that a thing has to have in order to be thought of as the kind of a thing signified by the term. It includes the basic elements which are deducible.

Extension

is the sum-total of all the individuals, things or beings or groups to which the idea can be applied. It expresses denotation or the application of the idea to different individuals or things. It is manifested by division.

Nurse – healthcare worker – Nightingale

Teacher – professional person - Edison

Student – learner – Pedro

Substance

it is that which its existence(meaning) not in another but in and for itself. It has its own meaning and value in itself. Examples: plant, dog, man, chair, table, tree

Accident

it refers to everything added to a substance as a further determination. There are nine accidents.

Quantity

the modification of a substance as regards the effect of having extension and divisibility.
Examples: 50 kilos, 25 ft, 100 pesos, 200 sq.m. students

Quality

formal determination of a substance which may be a habit, disposition, capacity or the form and figure of a thing.
Examples: intelligent, hot, red, figure of woman teacher

Relation

the manner in which substances refer to each other.
Examples: father, ruler, teacher, husband

Action

production of an effect in another
Examples: running, swimming, walking, dancing

Passion

reception of an effect from another
Examples: being killed, was shot, are burned, being accepted
Predicaments are the categories – FIRST INTENTIONS

Time

situation in time
Examples: at 8 p.m., today, now, last time, next week

Where

position or localization of the substance in space
Examples: here, in the office, at home, Manila

Posture

determination of the substance as to the disposition of its parts.

Habit

determination of the substances as to the external appearance or outfit. In the strict sense, only man is capable of having a habit; thus, habit, properly speaking, is exclusive to man.

Predicables

are classifications of reflex universals based on the five ways in they express the nature of subjects of which they are predicated.

Species

It expresses the essence of the subject, by indicating all the basic constitutive elements and is predicated of the subject. It gives a complete answer to the question: What is a thing essentially?

Genus

It expresses only some of the basic constitutive elements of the essence of a thing. It gives an incomplete answer to the question, “What is a thing essentially?

Specific difference

It expresses the determining constitutive element that distinguishes the essence of an object from other essences belonging to the same genus.

Logical Property

It is a universal that expresses, not the essence of the subject, which it is predicated, but an attribute that accompanies this essence necessarily.

Logical Accident

It is universal that expresses an attribute that does not belong to the subject necessarily but only accidentally

Term

It is a sign. A sign is something that leads to the knowledge of something else. Univocal Terms express the same meaning when applied or predicated to different objects in a given context. Mario is a student Chris is also a student

Equivocal Terms

if they express two or more unrelated meanings when applied to different objects in a given context.
Terms may be equivocal in a) Pronunciation b) Spelling c) light

Analogous

They express a meaning that is partly the same and partly different when applied to different objects in given context. Terms may be analogous by proportion and attribution

Universal terms

Terms are said to be universal if it stands for each of subject to which it can be applied

Universal Terms

When we see these modifiers such as: every, all, no one, each, whoever, whatever, everyone, anything, everything, any, whichever, without exception. b) The use of articles the, a, an - signifying universal idea. Example: A ramp model must have a good height and nice body. The bible is source of god’s word.

Particular terms

Terms are said to be particular if it applies to an indeterminately designated portion of its absolute extension; if it applies to a part of a given group.

The use of modifiers such as: some, few, most, several, plenty, a lot of, a number of, more, many, certain, etc.

Singular terms

Terms are said to be singular if it stands for one individual or group and designates that individual or group definitely.

Compatible

terms that can co-exist in a subject

Incompatible

terms that cannot coexist in a subject. They exclude each other.

Contradictory

terms that mutually exclude each other such that the affirmation of one is the denial of the other. Between these two terms, there is no third (middle) ground.

Contrary

terms that express extremes belonging to the same class. Between these two terms, there is a third (middle) ground.

Privative

two opposed ideas, one(A) of which expresses perfection, and the other (B) its lack which ought to be possessed If A exists, B is not

Correlative

two opposed terms that bear mutual relation to one another such that one cannot be understood without the other.

Contradictory, Contrary, Privative, Correlative

4 incompatible ideas