ESS test Unit 3

Births and immigration are…

Births and immigration are inputs to a human population.

Deaths and emigration are…

Deaths and emigration are outputs from a human population

An urban area are…

 An urban area works as a system.

Urban

The natural place where an organism lives.

 Population dynamics can be…

 Population dynamics can be quantified and analyzed by calculating total fertility rate, life expectancy, doubling time and natural increase.

To what extent are urban systems similar to natural ecosystems?

• Both have flows of energy and materials

• Both rely on balance and regulation

• Both can experience collapse if overstressed

How can reimagining urban systems create a more sustainable future?

• Reduce carbon emissions

• Improve resilience to climate change

• Support human well-being

What role do social equity and inclusivity play in the success of sustainable urban planning?

Social equity and inclusivity are essential because sustainability must benefit everyone, not just a few groups.

For ex: Streets are redesigned to reduce traffic and create public spaces.

How do different urban planning models address climate change and environmental degradation?

Different planning models use different strategies to reduce environmental impact.

Urban system

A city made up of people, buildings, transport, energy, and services that work together.

The global human population has followed…

The global human population has followed a rapid growth curve. Models are used to predict the growth of the future global human population.

 Population and migration policies can be…

Population and migration policies can be employed to directly manage growth rates of human populations.

Human population growth can also be managed…

Human population growth can also be managed indirectly through economic, social, health, development and other policies that have an impact on births, deaths or migration.

How can the dynamics of human populations be measured and compared?

Human population dynamics are measured and compared using demographic indicators and population models.

To what extent can the future growth of the human population be accurately predicted?

Population growth can be reasonably predicted in the short term, but long-term predictions are uncertain due to human and environmental factors.

Age seg pyramids

graphs showing population structure

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

shows how populations change as countries develop

The composition of human populations can be modelled and compared using?

The composition of human populations can be modelled and compared using age–sex pyramids.

What factors have historically influenced the growth of the human population?

Human population growth increased when people had more food, better medicine, and clean water, which helped more people survive.

Ex: In United Kingdom, population grew during the Industrial Revolution because death rates fell.

Define human population dynamics.

Human population dynamics describe how a population changes over time, including its size and age groups.

Ex: Japan has a shrinking population because few babies are born.

Why is understanding population trends important for predicting future growth?

Population trends help predict future needs, such as schools, hospitals, and jobs.

Ex: Nigeria needs more schools because many children are being born

What are the key factors that influence human population growth?

Population growth depends on how many people are born, die, and move.

Ex: India grows fast because many babies are born each year.

How can the future growth of human populations be predicted?

Future growth is predicted by studying past population data and current trends.

Ex: Germany is expected to lose population because it has few births and many elderly people.

Rapid growth age seg pyramid

Slow Growth

Zero growth

Outline the purpose of a Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is used to show how a country’s population changes over time as it develops.

Ex: Using the DTM, India is placed in Stage 3 because its death rate is low and its birth rate is falling.

Stage 1

Both birth rates and death rates are high, resulting in slow or stable population growth.

Stage 2

Stage 3

triangle

Expansive population

Ex:

Larger young population
Population is growing
Higher birth rate
Shorter life expectancies

looks like a not fit low body

Stationary population

Ex:
The population is stable, a good one
Similar population across age groups
Lower birth rates
Longer life expectancies.

a fit women with nipple and belly poking out

Constrictive population

Ex:
Lower birth rates
Larger older population
Longer life expectancies

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

(Number of births ÷ Total population) × 1,000 = CBR

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

(Number of deaths ÷ Total population) × 1,000 = CDR

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate = NIR

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Doubling Time (DT)

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size.

DT= 70 : Growth rate (%)

An urban area is…

An urban area is a built-up area with a high population density, buildings and infrastructure.

Urbanization

Urbanization is the population shift from rural to urban areas.

Rural–urban migration

More people are moving from rural areas to cities to find jobs, education, and better services.
As a result, most people now live in urban areas, and this number is still increasing.

Suburbanization

Suburbanization happens when people move from crowded city centers to less crowded areas outside the city.

Urban and suburban expansion

As cities and suburbs grow, they change the environment.

Urban planning

Urban planning helps decide on the best way to use land and buildings.

Modern urban planning…

Modern urban planning may involve considering the sustainability of the urban system.

Ecological urban planning

Ecological urban planning sees the city as an ecosystem.

It considers living things (biotic) and non-living things (abiotic) and how they interact to create a healthy and balanced city.

a systems flow diagram representing an urban system.

9 of good quality life

quality affordable housing
integrated public transport

green spaces
security, education, employment

renewable energy
waste management

energy efficiency.
green buildings

involvement of the community:

Define urbanization

Urbanization is the process where more people move from rural areas to urban areas, increasing the size of cities.

Define deurbanization

Deurbanization is when people move away from cities to rural areas.

Define suburbanization and its challenges

Suburbanization is when people move from city centers to outer areas.

Ex:
Increased car use
Loss of green space
Traffic congestion
Social segregation

Define urban sprawl and its effects

Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled spread of cities into rural land.

Effects:

Habitat destruction
Increased pollution
Longer travel times
Higher energy use

Define urban planning and its purposes

Urban planning is deciding how land and buildings are used in cities.

Purposes:

Organize housing and transport
Reduce congestion
Improve quality of life
Protect the environment

Key areas addressed in urban planning

Housing

Transport

Industry

Green spaces

Waste and water management

Environmental considerations in urban planning

Reducing pollution

Protecting green spaces

Managing waste and water

Reducing carbon emissions

Define sustainable planning and its importance

Sustainable planning means designing cities to meet current needs without harming the future.

Principles of ecological urban planning

Treat the city as an ecosystem

Use renewable energy

Protect biodiversity

Reduce waste

Balance human and natural systems

Define particulate matter

Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of tiny solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air that can be inhaled.

Distinguish between PM2.5 and PM10

PM10

Larger particles (less than 10 micrometers)
Sources: dust, construction, road dust
Health impacts: irritates eyes, nose, and throat

PM2.5

Very small particles (less than 2.5 micrometers)
Sources: vehicle exhaust, burning fossil fuels
Health impacts: enters lungs and bloodstream, causes heart and lung disease

Explain how nitrogen oxides (NOx) contribute to urban air pollution

Nitrogen oxides react in the air to form smog, acid rain, and tropospheric ozone, which harm human health and ecosystems.

Outline human activities releasing sulfur dioxide (SO₂)

Burning coal and oil in power plants

Industrial processes (e.g. metal smelting)

One environmental impact of SO₂:
SO₂ causes acid rain, which damages forests, soil, and buildings.

Define primary pollutants

Primary pollutants are pollutants released directly into the atmosphere from a source.

Difference between natural and anthropogenic sources

Natural sources occur naturally (e.g. volcanoes)

Anthropogenic sources are caused by human activities

Two natural sources of primary pollutants

Volcanoes → release sulfur dioxide and ash

Wildfires → release carbon monoxide and particulate matter

Fossil fuel burning and primary pollutants

Burning fossil fuels releases pollutants directly into the air.

Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)

Two primary air pollutants

Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)

Two secondary air pollutants

Tropospheric ozone (O₃)
Acid rain (formed from SO₂ and NOx)

Outline formation of tropospheric ozone

Vehicles release NOx

Sunlight causes chemical reactions

Ozone forms near the ground. This creates photochemical smog

Sources and health impacts of particulate matter

Sources:

Vehicle exhaust

Construction

Fossil fuel burning

Health impacts:

PM10: breathing irritation

PM2.5: lung disease, heart problems

Two technological interventions

Catalytic converters: convert harmful gases into less harmful ones

Cleaner fuel technology: reduces emissions from vehicles and power plants

Pedestrianized town centers

Reducing cars in city centers:

Lowers NOx and PM emissions

Improves air quality

Green walls and natural screens

Trap particulate matter

Absorb some air pollutants

Improve local air quality

Catalytic converters (purpose)

Catalytic converters reduce harmful gases from vehicles by converting:

CO → CO₂

NOx → nitrogen and oxygen

Acid rain and marble/limestone corrosion

Acid rain reacts with calcium carbonate

Stone dissolves

Buildings and statues weaken

Catalytic converters and NOx

They break NOx into nitrogen and oxygen, reducing smog and acid rain.

Two strategies to change human activity

Use public transport instead of cars

Switch to renewable energy instead of coal and oil