DD Sci: Section 2

"This term denotes a homogenous mixture, such as lemonade."

solution

Atoms do not vibrate at this temperature.

absolute zero

This theory states that matter consists of small particles in constant motion.

kinetic-molecular theory

Boyle’s law relates the pressure of a gas in a flexible container to this other parameter.

volume

This law states that the product of the pressure and volume of a gas in a flexible container is constant.

Boyle’s law

Scientists often report the constant in Boyle’s law using this unit of measurement.

liter-atmospheres

This law states that the volume of a gas increases in direct proportion with its temperature.

Charles’s law

"Scientists often report the constant in Charles’s law using this unit of measurement."

liters per Kelvin

This gas law takes the algebraic form V/T = a constant.

Charles’ law

Absolute zero equals this temperature in degrees Celsius.

-273 °C

Absolute zero equals this temperature in Kelvin.

0 K

Scientists use this unit of measurement for temperature when using it as a measure of molecular motion.

Kelvin

This French scientist studied gases in order to improve his understanding of hot air balloons.

Jacques Charles

"Jacques Charles studied this Anglo-Irish chemist’s publications."

Robert Boyle

Jacques Charles believed that this element could fuel hot air balloons when heated.

hydrogen

These two engineers helped Jacques Charles develop designs for a functional hot air balloon.

Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert

Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert partnered with this scientist to design a functional hot air balloon.

Jacques Charles

"On August 27, 1783, Jacques Charles launched a hot air balloon that remained in flight for this duration of time."

45 minutes

"Jacques Charles launched a hot air balloon on December 1, 1783 with these two passengers."

Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert

"Jacques Charles launched a hot air balloon on December 1, 1783 that remained in flight for this duration of time."

two hours

This French term refers to hydrogen-powered hot air balloons.

Charlière

The term Charlière pays homage to this French scientist.

Jacques Charles

This French scientist credited Jacques Charles in his 1802 publication about gases at constant pressures.

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac

Gas atoms exert pressure when they collide with these barriers.

walls of a container

This theory makes four key assumptions about the behavior of ideal gases.

kinetic-molecular theory

The kinetic-molecular theory assumes that this property of the gas molecules themselves is negligible.

volume

Scientists often assign this variable to represent the average speed of a molecule.

u

"This Italian scientist hypothesized that at constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to the number of gas molecules."

Amedeo Avogadro

"This unit of measurement equals the number of atoms in 12.000 grams of carbon-12."

mole

One mole is equivalent to the number of atoms in this amount of carbon-12.

12.000 grams

One mole is equivalent to the number of atoms in 12.000 grams of this substance.

carbon-12

Scientists currently use this carbon isotope to define the value of a mole.

carbon-12

Avogadro’s number denotes this number of particles (or anything).

6.022 x 10²³ atoms

This term refers to the number of atoms in twelve grams of carbon-12.

Avogadro’s number

"This French physicist coined the term “Avogadro’s number.”"

Jean Baptiste Perrin

This French physicist estimated Avogadro’s number in 1909.

Jean Baptiste Perrin

This scientist concluded that gases react in whole-number ratios to each other.

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac

Hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form this product.

water vapor

This Italian scientist suggested that many gases exist naturally in diatomic form.

Amadeo Avogadro

Scientists historically defined one mole as the number of gas particles in a container of this volume at STP.

22.4 liters

Scientists historically defined one mole as the number of molecules in a volume of 22.4 liters at this pressure and 273 K.

one atm

This element has a molar mass of 4 g/mol.

helium

This hydrocarbon has a molar mass of 16 g/mol.

methane

The variable k in the equation energy = 3/2 kT represents this universal constant.

Boltzmann constant

This term refers to the Boltzmann constant when recomputed for one mole of gas.

universal molar gas constant or ideal gas constant

Scientists often use this variable to represent the ideal gas constant.

R

This term is synonymous with the “ideal gas equation.”

universal gas equation

This German Swedish chemist discovered oxygen in the late eighteenth century.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

This chemist published his findings about the production of O2 in 1777.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Scientists often credit these three scientists with the discovery of oxygen.

"Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, and Antoine Lavoisier"

Carl Wilhelm Scheele used this new term to refer to pure oxygen.

fire-air

Carl Wilhelm Scheele heated this type of compound to produce pure oxygen.

oxide

This scientist was the first to produce pure oxygen.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

This English chemist heated mercuric oxide to produce pure oxygen.

Joseph Priestly

Joseph Priestly heated this compound to produce pure oxygen.

mercuric oxide

The phlogiston theory stated that phlogiston forms as a result of this common chemical reaction.

combustion

Scientists credit Joseph Priestly with the successful isolation of this number of gases.

eight

Joseph Priestly believed that he isolated air with this substance removed.

phlogiston

Carl Wilhelm Scheele corresponded with this French chemist in 1774 regarding his experiments with oxygen.

Antoine Lavoisier

Joseph Priestly discussed his oxygen experiments with Antoine Lavoisier in this city in 1774.

Paris

This scientist debunked the phlogiston theory through quantitative experiments.

Antoine Lavoisier

This scientist established the principle of conservation of mass.

Antoine Lavoisier

The English word “oxygen” takes its roots from this French term coined by Antoine Lavoisier.

oxygène

Antoine Lavoisier used this new word to describe the gas released as a result of heating oxides.

oxygène

This chemist published the Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire in 1777.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Carl Wilhelm Scheele published this 1777 treatise about his oxygen experiments.

Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire

The assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory do not hold true under these three conditions.

"high pressure, low volume, low temperature"

This gas equation corrects for the volume of molecules and molecular attraction.

Van der Waals’s equation

This Dutch scientist devised a gas equation that accounted for the volume of molecules and molecular attraction.

Johannes van der Waals

A substance with low van der Waals constants closely follows the assumptions of this theory.

kinetic-molecular theory

The a value in Van der Waals’s equation corrects for this property of gases.

molecular attraction

The b value in Van der Waals’s equation corrects for this property of gases.

volume

Older refrigerator models used this type of compound as a liquid refrigerant.

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)

Chlorofluorocarbons damage this layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

ozone layer

"Environmentalists fought against the use of this compound in refrigerators, citing damage to the ozone layer."

chlorofluorocarbon

These two compounds replaced chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerators.

"ammonia, carbon dioxide"

This process involves spreading gas molecules from areas of higher to lower concentration.

diffusion

This process involves the spread of gas molecules through a small opening.

effusion

Gas molecules travel in a straight line if the molecules are in this type of environment.

vacuum

The relative speeds of gas molecules are inversely proportional to the root of this value.

Inverse ratio of mass of the gas molecules

Atoms in this state of matter lack translational motion.

solid

A lattice structure holds together atoms in this state of matter.

solid

This process denotes a phase change from solid to gas.

sublimation

This process denotes a phase change from solid to liquid.

melting

Atoms in this state of matter have high degrees of short-range order.

solid

Atoms in this state of matter have no ordered structure.

gas

Atoms in this state of matter exhibit long- range order but do not exhibit short-range order.

liquid

Water has strong intermolecular forces because of the presence of this type.

hydrogen bond

Atoms in this state of matter exhibit the highest density.

solid

Atoms in this state of matter exhibit the lowest density.

gas

Scientists group crystalline solids into these four categories.

"ionic lattice solids, covalent network solids, molecular solids, and metallic solids"

This term refers to the different solid forms in which one element can exist.

allotrope

"This element can exist in the form of graphite, Lonsdaleite, or Fullerene."

carbon

This carbon allotrope functions well as an electrical insulator.

diamond

This carbon allotrope is the most stable at room temperature.

graphite

Graphite converts into this allotrope when subjected to high temperature and pressure.

diamond

Graphite converts into diamond under these two environmental conditions.

"high temperature, high pressure"

Scientists use this carbon allotrope to produce artificial diamonds.

graphite

A layer of this metal coats galvanized objects.

zinc

Atoms arranged in this simple crystalline structure have eight nearest neighbors.

body-centered cubic