Pilots Environment

Pitot-static system provides sources of air pressure for

altimeter, vertical speed, and airspeed

The pitot tube is connected to the ___

airspeed indicator

Pitot tube

impacts the pressure chamber and lines. Result of the aircraft’s motion through the air. Has an opening in the front of the tube. Mounted on the leading edge of the wing, on the nose section, or on the vertical stabilizer. Connected to the airspeed indicator

static air vents

static pressure line. Source of external atmospheric pressure and consist of a small hole or group of holes connecting outside air pressure to the pitot-static instruments.

Instruments affected by the pitot-static system include:

altimeter

vertical speed indicator

Airspeed indicator

Altimeter

displays the height of the aircraft above a given level. Standard settings are measured in mercury.

When flying from lower pressure to higher pressure, the altimeter reads a lower altitude than the actual altitude of the aircraft. The actual altitude is ___ than shown on the altimeter

higher

When flying from higher pressure to lower pressure, the altimeter reads a higher altitude than the actual altitude of the aircraft. The actual altitude is ___ than shown on the altimeter.

Lower

Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

Measures the rate of climb or descent in hundreds of feet per minute. Shows trend and rate informaiton. Uses static pressure only

Airspeed indicator

Measures indicated airspeed (Impact pressure, the diffrence between pitot and static pressures) in knots. Conected to both the pitot tube and static vent. Only instrument that uses pitot tube for information.

White arc means ___ on airspeed indicator

Commonly referred to as the flap operating range

Green Arc means __ on airspeed indicator

Normal operating range

Yellow arc means ___ on airspeed indicator

Caution Range

Red Line means ___ on airspeed indicator

Never exceed speed

What are the two types of airspeed?

Indicated Airspeed (IAS) and True Airspeed (TAS)

Indicated AirSpeed (IAS)

read directly from airspeed indicator

True Airspeed (TAS)

corrected for temperature and pressure. Flight plans are filed using this type of speed.

TAS and IAS are approximately ____ at sea level

equal

IAS becomes less than TAS as altitude ___

increases

Density of air decreases ___ with increasing altitude

greatly

Airplane at FL 350 with an indicated airspeed of 230-250 knots has a true airspeed of approximately __ knots

430-450

What instruments are affected by the pitot-static system?

airspeed indicator, altimeter, vertical speed indicator

What does an altimeter?

Height above sea level

Which type of information displayed on vertical speed indicator?

Climb/descent trend information and Altitude rate of change information

Magnetic compass

Is used to tell the pilot the aircrafts heading in relation to magnetic north. Only a self-contained direction-seeking instrument in an aircraft. Has a compass card that has letters for cardinal headings. Each 30-degree interval is represented by a number, the last zero is omitted. Located above the aircrafts instrument panel.

Lubber line

mounted behind glass of the instrument. Line can be used for a reference when aligning the heading of the compass card.

Variation

Angular difference between true north and direction indicated by magnetic compass.

Deviation

Magnetic compass error caused by electromagnetic interference within aircraft

Which is the correct heading that represents 180 degrees on a magnetic compass?

18

Several flight instruments use the properties of a gyroscope for their operation:

Turn coordinator

Heading indicator (directional gyro)

Attitude indicator

In most small aircraft, the failure of the vacuum pump would ___

render the heading indicator and attitude indicator inoperative

Vacuum Pump

Mounted on the engine. Capacity varies in different aircraft, depending on the number of gyros to be operated.

Vacuum Gauge

Mounted in the aircraft’s instrument panel and indicates the amount of pressure in the system.

Two fundamental properties of Gyroscopic action:

Rigidity in space

Precession

Gyroscope Precession

Second property of a gyroscope, unrestrained in just two coordinate axes is the deflection of a spinning wheel when a force is applied.

Which flight instruments use gyroscopic properties for their operation?

Heading indicator

Turn coordinator

Attitude Indicator

Turn Coordinator

Shows the yaw and roll of the aircraft around the vertical and longitudinal axes.

Inclinometer

Indicates the coordinates of aileron and rudder. Ball indicates whether the airplane is in coordinated flight, a skid, or a slip.

Rate of Turn Indicator

relies on the gyoscopic principle for its operation.

When rolling in or out of a turn, the miniature airplane banks in the direction of the turn. minature airplane indicates rate of turn, not the actual bank angle of the aircraft.

If the appropriate amount of rudder is applied

A coordinated turn results

If inadequate rudder is applied in a turn results it is a

Slip

If excessive rudder is applied a __ results

skid

During a slipping turn, the aircraft is banked too much for the rate of turn, pulling the aircraft toward the inside of the turn. results from __

pilots applying too little rudder

During a skidding turn, the aircraft is banked too little for the rate of turn, pulling the aircraft to the outside of the turn. Results from ___

Pilots applies too much rudder

heading indicator/ directional gyro (DG)

Is a mechanical instrument designed to facilitate the use of the magnetic compass.

headings are read by adding

ZERO

Attitude Indicator

With its miniature aircraft and horizon bar, displays a picture of the attitude of the aircraft.

Pitch

Some instruments have a horizontal row of lines that usually indicate each 5 degrees of pitch

Scale at the top of the instrument indicates the degrees of the __. Each line usually represent 10 degrees of __

Bank

Which two instruments make up the turn coordinator?

Inclinometer

Rate of turn indicator

What may be obtained from the attitude indicator?

Degrees of bank

The following navigational instruments are used by the pilot to determine position, course, and distance traveled:

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

Very High Frequency ominidirectional (VHF) range instrument(VOR)

Instrument Landing System(ILS) receiving equipment

Radio magnetic indicator(RMI)

Horizontal situation indicator (HSI)

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

Used to navigate using non-directional radio beacons (NDBS)

VOR Instrument

Presents information to indicate bearing TO or FROM the station. Omnibearing Selector (OBS), sometimes referred to as course selector, consists of a selector knob and azimuth dial. Course deviation indicator needle (left-right needle). Navigation frequency turner

NAV Radio Receiver

VOR instrument is connected to this , and the frequency of the VOR is dialed into this thing for navigation to and from the Navigation aid.

To on the OBS selector means

the course shown on the course selector must be flown to the station

From on the OBS selector means

Displayed and the course shown is followed, the aircraft is flying away from the station.

Course deviation information is ___ if the pilot is flying with a “FROM” reading but is headed toward the station or is flying with a “TO” reading while headed away from the station.

reversed

What type of equipment does automatic direction finder use to aid with navigation?

Non-directional radio beacons

The VOR course deviation indicator needle indicates the aircraft’s position in relation to the selected __

radial

Instrument Landing System

Receiving equipment used to make an ILS approach.

Localizer needle

indicates by deflection, whether the aircraft is left or fight of localizer centerline, regardless of the position or heading of the aircraft.

Turn towards needle

When the aircraft is inbound on the front course or outbound on the back course, the needle deflects toward the on course. The pilot turns the aircraft in the direction of the needle to correct the course.

Turn Away from Needle

When the aircraft is outbound on the front course or inbound on the back course, the needle deflects away from the on course. The pilot turns the aircraft away from the needle to correct the course.

Deflection of the ___ indicates the position of the aircraft with respect to the glide path

glideslope needle

Down

When the aircraft is above the glideslope, the needle is deflected down

Up

When the aircraft is below the glideslope, the needle is deflected up

Centered

When the aircraft is on the glideslope, the needle is centered

The red localizer and glideslope warning flags appear when ___

insufficient voltage is received to actuate the needles. Flags also appear when an unstable signal or receiver malfunction occurs.

Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)

Designed to receive both VOR and NDB signals

RMI consists of the following componets:

Single-Barred Bearing Indicator (green arrow)

Double-Barred Bearing Indicator (black/yellow arrow)

Rotating Compass Card

Single-Barred Bearing Indicator(green arrow)

functions exactly the same as the double-barred bearing indicator

Double-Barred Bearing Indicator (black/yellow arrow)

Gives the magnetic bearing to the VOR, VORTAC, or NDB to which the receiver is tuned. Tail of this indicator tells the pilot the radial or the course.

Rotating Compass Card

Actuated by the aircrafts compass system, rotates as the aircraft turns.

Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

Heading Indicator

VOR/Localizer (LOC) indicator

Glideslope indicator

Which signal types are received by the radio magnetic indicator?

NDB and VOR

Which instruments are contained within the horizontal situation indicator?

Heading Indicator, VOR/LOC indicator, Glideslope indicator

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Used in conjunction with the VOR system to show the pilot the slant range distance from that VOR

The DME transmits an ____ which is received by the DME transponder antenna at the ground facility

interrogating signal

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Provides accurate position position, speed, and precise time information on a continuous global basis, reported in latitude and longitude.

GPS provides

Position, Speed, and Time

Range displayed on the DME indicator is called ___ range

Slant

GPS provides

position, speed, and time

The range displayed on the DME indicator is called _ range

slant

Allows for communications with air traffic control (ATC) and NAVAIDS on the ground and consists of:

NAV/COM Radio

NAV/COM Radio

Incorporates Navigation and Communications radio in one unit.

Transponder

Used to set beacon codes assigned by ATC.

What is an example of the phraseology used by air traffic controllers to direct a pilot to use a beacon code?

Squawk one two three four

The NAV/COM radio is used to tune in which type of frequencies?

Air to ground

Air to air

Navigational

Which type of equipment is used to set beacon codes assigned by ATC?

Transponder

Pitot-Static System Instruments:

Altimeter

Vertical Speed Indicator

AIRSPEED INDICATOR

Self COntained Instruments

MAGNETIC COMPASS

GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS

Turn Coordinator

Heading INdicator

ATTITUDE INDICATOR

Radio/Satelite Instruments:

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) (Non-directional beacon [NDB] receiver)

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)

Instrument Landing Sytem (ILS)

Distance Measuring Equipment(DME)

GLOBAL positioning system (GPS)

Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)

Indicates the heading indicator

InCLUDES VOR AND ADF receivers/ indicators

HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR (HSI)

Heading INDICATOR

VOR OR LOC INDICATOR

GLIDESLOPE INDICATOR

Flight Management System

Computer system that uses a large database to allow routes to be preprogrammed, and fed into the system by means of a data loader.

Glass Cockpit

Electronic flight instruments replace the conventional instruments in a fully equipped Instrument Flight Rules aircraft with computer generated, color digital, electronic displays.

FMS takes raw and navigation data, the displays to the pilot:

Attitude

Heading

Navigation System Course

Supplemental Data:

• Distance

• Airspeed

  • Radar Altitude

FMS displays include at least:

Primary Flight Display (PFD)

Navigation Display (ND)

Multifunction Display (MFD)