GCSE Biology (8461) Specification

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GCSE Biology (8461)

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GCSE Biology specification for teaching from September 2016 onwards, with exams in 2018 onwards.

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GCSE Biology Subject Content

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Cell biology, Organisation, Infection and response, Bioenergetics, Homeostasis and response, Inheritance, variation and evolution, Ecology, Key ideas.

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Flashcards based on the GCSE Biology (8461) Specification for exams from 2018 onwards.

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98 Terms

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GCSE Biology (8461)

GCSE Biology specification for teaching from September 2016 onwards, with exams in 2018 onwards.

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GCSE Biology Subject Content

Cell biology, Organisation, Infection and response, Bioenergetics, Homeostasis and response, Inheritance, variation and evolution, Ecology, Key ideas.

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Types of Questions in GCSE Biology Assessments

Multiple choice, structured, closed short answer and open response.

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Definition of Science

A set of ideas about the material world involving investigating, observing, experimenting, and testing ideas.

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Development of Scientific Thinking

Understanding how scientific methods and theories develop over time, using models to solve problems, and appreciating the power and limitations of science.

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Experimental Skills and Strategies

Using scientific theories to develop hypotheses, planning experiments, and carrying out experiments with regard for safety and accuracy.

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Analysis and Evaluation in Science

Presenting data, carrying out mathematical analysis, interpreting data, and communicating scientific rationale.

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Scientific Vocabulary and Units

Using scientific vocabulary, SI units, and appropriate nomenclature.

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Fundamental Biological Concepts

The structure and functioning of cells, variation at fertilisation, photosynthesis and respiration, metabolism, and material cycling.

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Cell Biology Overview

Structural differences between cells enable them to perform specific functions controlled by genes in the nucleus.

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Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack a nucleus.

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Additional Parts in Plant Cells

Cell wall made of cellulose, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole.

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Examples of Specialized Cells

Sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells.

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Cell Differentiation

Most animal cells differentiate early, while many plant cells can differentiate throughout life.

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Advantages of Electron Microscope

Higher magnification and resolving power allowing for finer detail study of cells.

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Culturing Microorganisms

Bacteria multiply by binary fission, forming colonies on agar gel plates or in nutrient broth.

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Cell Cycle Overview

Doubling of genetic material and division into two identical cells.

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Definition of Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type.

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Transport Mechanisms in Cells

Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

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Definition of Diffusion

Spreading of particles from high to low concentration.

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Definition of Osmosis

Diffusion of water from a dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

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Definition of Active Transport

Moving substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Levels of Organization

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.

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Animal Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems Examples

The digestive system, heart and blood vessels, and blood.

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Key Digestive Enzymes

Carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases.

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Three Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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Blood Components

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Factors Affecting Health

Diet, stress, and life situations.

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Lifestyle Effects on Non-Communicable Diseases

Lifestyle factors such as diet, alcohol, and smoking.

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Plant Tissues

Epidermal tissues, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem and phloem, meristem tissue.

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Plant Organ System

Roots, stem, and leaves.

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Processes in Plant Transport System

Transpiration and translocation.

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Types of Pathogens

Viruses, bacteria, protists, or fungi.

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Examples of Viral Diseases

Measles, HIV, and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).

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Examples of Bacterial Diseases

Salmonella and gonorrhoea.

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Example of Fungal Disease

Rose black spot.

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Example of Protist Disease

Malaria.

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Human Non-Specific Defense Systems

Skin, nose, trachea and bronchi, stomach.

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White Blood Cell Defense Mechanisms

Phagocytosis, antibody production, antitoxin production.

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Definition of Vaccination

Introducing dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate antibody production.

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How Antibiotics Work

Killing infective bacteria inside the body.

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Examples of Drug Origins

Digitalis, aspirin, and penicillin.

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Stages of Drug Testing

Preclinical testing and clinical trials.

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Monoclonal Antibodies

From a single clone of cells, specific to one binding site on one protein antigen.

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Detection of Plant Diseases

Stunted growth, spots on leaves, decay, malformed stems, discoloration, pests.

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Physical Plant Defense Responses

Cellulose cell walls, waxy cuticle, bark.

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Chemical Plant Defense Responses

Antibacterial chemicals and poisons.

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Photosynthesis Equation

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.

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Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Rate

Temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, amount of chlorophyll.

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Uses of Glucose from Photosynthesis

Used for respiration, converted into starch, fat, oil, cellulose, or amino acids.

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Definition of Cellular Respiration

An exothermic reaction in living cells providing energy for living processes.

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Why Organisms need Energy

build larger molecules ,movement, keeping warm .

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Aerobic Respiration Equation

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.

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Definition of Homeostasis

Regulation of internal conditions to maintain optimum function.

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Examples of Homeostatic Control

Blood glucose concentration, body temperature, water levels.

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Components of Control Systems

Receptors, coordination centers, effectors.

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Function of the Nervous System

Enables humans to react to surroundings and coordinate behavior.

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Importance of Reflex Actions

Automatic and rapid responses.

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Brain Regions

Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla.

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Temperature Control

Body temperature is monitored and controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain.

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Endocrine System

Glands secreting hormones into the bloodstream.

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Key Endocrine Glands

Pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal gland, ovary, testes.

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Pancreatic Hormones

Insulin and glucagon.

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Substances Excreted in Urine

Water, ions, and urea.

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Hormones in Human Reproduction

Oestrogen, testosterone, FSH, and LH.

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Methods of Contraception

Oral contraceptives, barrier methods, and surgical methods.

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Effects of Auxin

Unequal growth rates in roots and shoots.

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Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Meiosis leads to non-identical cells; mitosis leads to identical cells.

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Gametes in Sexual Reproduction

Sperm and egg cells in animals; pollen and egg cells in flowering plants.

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Structure and Function of DNA

DNA on chromosomes coding for protein sequences.

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Importance of Understanding the Human Genome

Search for disease-linked genes, understanding inherited disorders, and tracing human migration.

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DNA Structure

A polymer of four different nucleotides with bases A, C, G, and T.

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Genetic Terms

Gamete, chromosome, gene, allele, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype.

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Examples of Inherited Disorders

Polydactyly and cystic fibrosis.

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Definition of Variation

Different characteristics among individuals in a population.

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Definition of Evolution

A change in inherited characteristics over time through natural selection.

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Definition of Selective Breeding

Breeding plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics.

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Definition of Genetic Engineering

Modifying the genome by introducing a gene from another organism.

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Examples of Cloning Methods

Tissue culture, cuttings, embryo transplants, adult cell cloning.

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Evidence for Evolution

Fossils and antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

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Linnaean Classification System

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

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Three-Domain System

Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryota.

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Definition of Ecosystem

Interaction of a community with the non-living environment.

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Competition Factors

For light, space, water, mineral ions, food, mates, and territory.

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Biotic Factors

Availability of food, new predators, pathogens, and competition.

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Abiotic Factors

Light intensity, temperature, moisture levels, pH, wind intensity, carbon dioxide, oxygen.

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Producers of Biomass

Photosynthetic organisms.

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Factors Affecting Decomposition Rate

Temperature, water, oxygen.

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Definition of Biodiversity

Variety of all species in an ecosystem.

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Maintaining Biodiversity

Breeding programs, habitat protection, and reducing deforestation.

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Trophic Level 1

Plants and algae.

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Trophic Level 2

Herbivores.

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Trophic Level 3

Carnivores that eat herbivores.

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Trophic Level 4

Carnivores that eat other carnivores.

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Factors Affecting Food Security

Increasing birth rate, changing diets, new pests and pathogens, environmental changes.

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Improving Food Production

Limiting movement, controlling temperature, and feeding high protein foods.

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Sustainable Fisheries

Control of net size and fishing quotas.

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Role of Biotechnology

The use of microorganisms to be cultured for food, GM crops provide more food or food with an improved nutritional value .