FINAL STUDY GUIDE

Digestive Enzymes

Enzymes that break down food into smaller components, facilitating absorption.

Synthase/Synthetase

Enzymes that combine two molecules to create a single product.

Kinase/Phosphatase

Enzymes that add or subtract phosphate groups from molecules.

Isomerase/Mutase/Epimerase

Enzymes that rearrange molecules so that reactants and products contain the same number of atoms.

Reductase/Oxidase

Enzymes involved in the reduction or oxidation of substrates.

Carboxylase

Enzymes that add or remove carbon dioxide from substrates.

Hydrogenase/Dehydrogenase

Enzymes that add or remove hydrogen ions (H+ and H-) from substrates.

Hydratase/Dehydratase

Enzymes that add or remove water molecules during reactions.

Transaminase

Enzymes that transfer an amine group between molecules.

Metabolism

The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that transform molecules in the body.

Anabolism

The process of building large molecules from smaller ones, using energy.

Catabolism

The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

ATP Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down ATP to ADP and phosphate, releasing energy for cellular functions.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP.

Glucose-6-Phosphate

The product formed when glucose is phosphorylated, trapping it in the cell.

Hexokinase

An enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate.

PFK-1

Phosphofructokinase-1, the main regulatory enzyme of glycolysis.

Lactate

The byproduct of anaerobic fermentation in muscles when oxygen is limited.

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Glycogen

A storage form of glucose primarily found in the liver and muscles.

Creatine

A compound in muscles that helps regenerate ATP during short bursts of energy.

Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)

A key metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of complexes in mitochondria where electron transfer leads to ATP production.

Proton Motive Force

The potential energy stored as a gradient of protons across a membrane.

Fatty Acids

Lipids that are macronutrients used for energy storage and metabolism.

Urea Cycle

A series of enzymatic reactions in the liver that convert ammonia to urea for excretion.

Acetyl-CoA

A central metabolic intermediate that enters the citric acid cycle.

Ubiquitin

A small protein that tags other proteins for degradation by the proteasome.

Beta-Oxidation

The pathway for the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units.