ANT Final T/F

The specific roles assigned to each gender vary from culture to culture.

True

Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors that are the exclusive domain of each sex.

False

Cross-culturally, women’s roles tend to be focused on activities associated with the home, but men are more active in the public domain.

True

Cross-culturally, the subsistence contributions of men and women are roughly equal.

True

Adding together men’s and women’s subsistence activities and their domestic work, men tend to work more hours than women do.

False

Women in matrilineal societies tend to occupy elevated status positions

True

Gender stratification tends to be extremely pronounced in patrilineal-patrilocal societies.

True

In agricultural societies, women generally dominate the practice of subsistence labor.

False

Domestic violence against women is prevalent in patrilineal-patrilocal systems in which women are cut off from their supportive kin ties.

True

Even though women represent more than half the U.S. work force, single-parent families headed by women represent more than half the households below the poverty line.

True

Cultures have different definitions and expectations of relationships that are biologically or genetically equivalent. In other words, kinship is socially constructed.

True

Exogamy is the practice of seeking out a mate within one’s own social group.

False

The children of your father’s sister are called your cross-cousins.

True

Incest is a cultural universal that is defined the same way by all cultures.

False

In the caste system of India, failure to adhere to class endogamy rules traditionally resulted in a ritually impure marriage.

True

Same-sex marriages are not culturally viable institutions.

False

Dowries are most common in societies in which women occupy an elevated status position.

False

In tribal societies, unlike industrial ones, marriage entails only an agreement between the people getting married; descent groups play only a minor role.

False

Serial polygamy is the practice of having more than one wife, but never more than one at the same time.

True

With polyandry, a woman takes more than one husband.

True

According to Edward Tylor, religion evolved from polytheism to animism to monotheism.

False

In Melanesia, mana is an essential sacred life force that resides in people, animals, plants, and objects.

True

By participating in a ritual, participants signal that they accept the common social and ethical order prescribed by their religion.

True

Rites of passage involve three phases: separation, liminality, and totemism.

False

Communitas is the strong feeling of collective unity shared by individuals at the core of a society who define themselves in opposition to the society’s liminal members.

False

Religion can be used as a powerful means of controlling society.

True

Witch hunts are an example of how religion can be used to limit deviant social behavior by instilling strong motivations to behave properly

True

Max Weber argued that the spread of capitalism was closely linked to the ethics and values of Catholicism.

False

Worldwide, Islam is growing at a rate of about 2.9 percent annually, versus 2.3 percent for Christianity, whose overall growth rate is the same as the rate of world population increase.

True

The cargo cults of Melanesia functioned to integrate Melanesians and set the stage for the formation of political parties and economic interest groups.

True

Art and religion are similar, because both refer to aspects of culture that are of more than ordinary significance.

True

Nonstate societies generally lack permanent, specialized venues for art and religion.

True

Among the Kalabari, wood sculptures represent the highest form of purely artistic representation of loved ones.

False

During his work among the Tiv, Bohannan found that critics played a key role in the creative process for the production of works of art.

True

The oldest known musical instrument, the “Divje babe flute,” dates back to more than 43,000 years ago.

True

Some researchers have proposed that early humans with a biological penchant for music may have been able to live more effectively in social groups, thus conferring an adaptive advantage to this penchant.

True

Because appreciation of the arts is acquired through enculturation, what one finds aesthetically pleasing depends in part on one’s cultural background.

True

The media offer a rich web of external connections—through cable, satellite, the Internet, television, movies, radio, telephones, print, and other sources—that can provide contact, information, entertainment, and potential social validation.

True

U.S. popular culture has moved from a preoccupation with class differences to a tendency to deny or ignore their existence. The narratives we see on screen and in print today often present homogenized upper-middle-class lifestyles in which social diversity is minimized and the economic underpinnings of class are ignored.

True

Cultural values, social forces, and the media influence international sports success.

True

According to Wallerstein, the nations in the world system can be classified into three types: core, periphery, and frontier.

False

Trade and other economic relations between core and periphery disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core.

True

One consequence of the ongoing globalization of work and migration is that skilled Western workers must now compete against well-educated workers in such low-wage countries as India, where an experienced software programmer earns one-fifth the average salary of a comparable U.S. worker.

True

Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy.

True

Marx argued that socioeconomic stratification was based on the sharp and simple division between the successful Protestant industrialists and the poor Catholic peasantry.

False

Higher wages and improved benefits for workers in core nations are possible only because an added surplus from the periphery enables companies to maintain high profit margins.

True

Mass production has led to critical consumption as people are forced to make careful decisions regarding what is needed and what is excess.

True

Colonialism refers to the solicitation by peripheral countries of political and financial assistance from core nations.

False

Ethnocide refers to the intentional destruction of an ethnic group’s traditional customs, beliefs, and behaviors.

True

When indigenous peoples are incorporated into modern nation-states, they usually become part of the impoverished classes.

True